Measurement Of The Mass Composition Of The Highest Energy Cosmic Rays With The Pierre Auger Observatory
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Measurement Of The Mass Composition Of The Highest Energy Cosmic Rays With The Pierre Auger Observatory
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Author : Alexander Edward Hervé
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
Measurement Of The Mass Composition Of The Highest Energy Cosmic Rays With The Pierre Auger Observatory written by Alexander Edward Hervé and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with Cosmic rays categories.
The origin of ultra high energy cosmic rays is one of the big unsolved questions in Astrophysics today. Knowing the mass composition of these cosmic rays would help to determine information about both their propagation and acceleration. The Pierre Auger Observatory was built to gather more information and more statistics than any previous cosmic ray detector ever built. In this thesis, I will detail my method of extending the current Pierre Auger mass composition information by using surface array parameters as a proxy for the depth of shower maximum, an established mass indicator.
Mass Composition Studies Of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays Through The Measurement Of The Muon Production Depths At The Pierre Auger Observatory
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
Mass Composition Studies Of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays Through The Measurement Of The Muon Production Depths At The Pierre Auger Observatory written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with categories.
The Pierre Auger Observatory (Auger) in Argentina studies Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECRs) physics. The flux of cosmic rays at these energies (above 1018 eV) is very low (less than 100 particle/km2-year) and UHECR properties must be inferred from the measurements of the secondary particles that the cosmic ray primary produces in the atmosphere. These particles cascades are called Extensive Air Showers (EAS) and can be studied at ground by deploying detectors covering large areas. The EAS physics is complex, and the properties of secondary particles depend strongly on the first interaction, which takes place at an energy beyond the ones reached at accelerators. As a consequence, the analysis of UHECRs is subject to large uncertainties and hence many of their properties, in particular their composition, are still unclear. Two complementary techniques are used at Auger to detect EAS initiated by UHE- CRs: a 3000 km2 surface detector (SD) array of water Cherenkov tanks which samples particles at ground level and fluorescence detectors (FD) which collect the ultraviolet light emitted by the de-excitation of nitrogen nuclei in the atmosphere, and can operate only in clear, moonless nights. Auger is the largest cosmic rays detector ever built and it provides high-quality data together with unprecedented statistics. The main goal of this thesis is the measurement of UHECR mass composition using data from the SD of the Pierre Auger Observatory. Measuring the cosmic ray composition at the highest energies is of fundamental importance from the astrophysical point of view, since it could discriminate between different scenarios of origin and propagation of cosmic rays. Moreover, mass composition studies are of utmost importance for particle physics. As a matter of fact, knowing the composition helps in exploring the hadronic interactions at ultra-high energies, inaccessible to present accelerator experiments.
Mass Composition Of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays
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Author : Livingstone Ochilo
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016
Mass Composition Of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays written by Livingstone Ochilo and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with categories.
Measurement Of The Energy Spectrum Of Cosmic Rays Above 3 X 1017 Ev Using The Infill Array Of The Pierre Auger Observatory
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Author : Rivera Bretel Hugo Marcelo
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
Measurement Of The Energy Spectrum Of Cosmic Rays Above 3 X 1017 Ev Using The Infill Array Of The Pierre Auger Observatory written by Rivera Bretel Hugo Marcelo and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with categories.
The Pierre Auger Observatory, in Argentina, combines a 3000 $\mathrm{km^2}$ surface array of water Cherenkov detectors with fluorescence telescopes to measure extensive air showers initiated by ultra-high energy cosmic rays. This "hybrid" observatory (in operation since 2004, and completed in 2008) is fully efficient for cosmic rays energies above $10^{18}$ eV, that is, from just below the "ankle" of the energy spectrum up to the highest energies.After the completion of the main observatory, the Auger collaboration has started to deploy new instruments to extend the energy range down to about 0.1 EeV. The planned extensions include two infill surface arrays with 750 and 433 m spacing, with muon detection capabilities, and three additional fluorescence telescopes with a more elevated field of view. The 750 m infill array (covering about 24 $\mathrm{km^2}$) and the new telescopes are now operational. Their aim is the measurement of cosmic rays from below the second knee of the spectrum up to the ankle, where data from the extensions overlap those from the main observatory. The study of the evolutior of the spectrum through the second knee and the ankle, together with the primary mass composition, are crucial to the understanding of the transition from a galactic cosmic ray origin to an extragalactic one.This thesis makes use of data from the 750 m infill array: the objective is the measurement of the cosmic ray energy spectrum in the energy region above $3 \times 10^{17}$ eV, where the array is fully efficient. To get to the energy spectrum, several steps are needed, from the reconstruction of events, through the precise determination of the exposure of the array, up to the determination of the primary energy. The thesis deals with these aspects, before reaching the final result.The first chapter gives a general introduction to cosmic ray physics and detectors. It also summarizes experimental results above the first knee of the spectrum with particular emphasis on those obtained above $10^{17}$ eV. The next two chapters describe the Pierre Auger Observatory and the infill array, respectively. In chapter 2, the main Auger results are summarized too, after a schematic description of th different components of the observatory. Chapter 3 sets the stage for the following chapters. It presents a more detailed description of the characteristics of the infill array, in particular the trigger definitions, event selection and reconstruction. In chapter 4 the performance of the reconstruction of the lateral distribution of observed showers is studied in detail. This is particularly important for the energy spectrum, since the signal at a fixed distance from the shower axis is used as the energy estimator of the event. This signal is estimated by means c the measured lateral distribution of the shower. Chapter 5 presents a comparison between the event reconstruction of the infill and main arrays. Using the set of showers detected by both instruments, the derived geometry and energy estimation are compared, showing a good agreement. In chapter 6, the energy threshold of the array, and hence the set of events to be used, is defined. The methods to obtain the exposure of the array are discussed, as well as related systematic uncertainties. Finally, in chapter 7, the technique to derive the primary energy for each detected shower is presented. The derived energy spectrum is discussed, and the flux is shown to be consistent with that measured by other instruments in the overlapping energy regions.
Determining The Mass Composition Of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays Using The Principle Of Shower Universality And Data From The Pierre Auger Observatory
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Author : Andrea Biscoveanu
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
Determining The Mass Composition Of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays Using The Principle Of Shower Universality And Data From The Pierre Auger Observatory written by Andrea Biscoveanu and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with categories.
The mass composition of cosmic rays is an important parameter for determining their origin. Using both fluorescence and surface detectors, The Pierre Auger Observatory measures the depth of shower maximum, Xmax, from which the mass of the primary particle can be inferred. The surface detector measurement, which is based on the principle of shower universality, increases the number of available statistics for Xmax by at least a factor of 10 since it is no longer limited by the low duty cycle of the fluorescence detector. We compare the energy and arrival directions determined using this new reconstruction to both the official surface and fluorescence detector reconstructions and present an event by event comparison of the \Xmax values calculated using both types of detectors for events with energies above 10^{18.8} eV. We use this new reconstruction method based on universality to conduct preliminary anisotropy studies discriminating by the mass of the primary particle.
Measurement Of The Muon Atmospheric Production Depth With The Water Cherenkov Detectors Of The Pierre Auger Observatory
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
Measurement Of The Muon Atmospheric Production Depth With The Water Cherenkov Detectors Of The Pierre Auger Observatory written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with categories.
Ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECR) are particles of uncertain origin and composition, with energies above 1 EeV (1018 eV or 0.16 J). The measured flux of UHECR is a steeply decreasing function of energy. The largest and most sensitive apparatus built to date to record and study cosmic ray Extensive Air Showers (EAS) is the Pierre Auger Observatory. The Pierre Auger Observatory has produced the largest and finest amount of data ever collected for UHECR. A broad physics program is being carried out covering all relevant topics of the field. Among them, one of the most interesting is the problem related to the estimation of the mass composition of cosmic rays in this energy range. Currently the best measurements of mass are those obtained by studying the longitudinal development of the electromagnetic part of the EAS with the Fluorescence Detector. However, the collected statistics is small, specially at energies above several tens of EeV. Although less precise, the volume of data gathered with the Surface Detector is nearly a factor ten larger than the fluorescence data. So new ways to study composition with data collected at the ground are under investigation. The subject of this thesis follows one of those new lines of research. Using preferentially the time information associated with the muons that reach the ground, we try to build observables related to the composition of the primaries that initiated the EAS. A simple phenomenological model relates the arrival times with the depths in the atmosphere where muons are produced. The experimental confirmation that the distributions of muon production depths (MPD) correlate with the mass of the primary particle has opened the way to a variety of studies, of which this thesis is a continuation, with the aim of enlarging and improving its range of applicability. We revisit the phenomenological model which is at the root of the analysis and discuss a new way to improve some aspects of the model. We carry out a thorough revision of the original analysis with the aim of understanding the different contributions to the total bias and resolution when building MPDs on an event-by-event basis. We focus on an alternative way to build MPDs by considering average MPDs for ensembles of air-showers, with the aim of enlarging the range of applicability of this kind of analysis. Finally, we analyze how different improvements in the Surface Detector electronics and its internal configuration affect the resolution of the MPD. We conclude by summarizing the main results and discussing potential ways to improve MPD-based mass composition studies.
The Ubiquitous Mechanism Accelerating Cosmic Rays At All The Energies
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Author : Antonio Codino
language : en
Publisher: Società Editrice Esculapio
Release Date : 2021-02-04
The Ubiquitous Mechanism Accelerating Cosmic Rays At All The Energies written by Antonio Codino and has been published by Società Editrice Esculapio this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-02-04 with Science categories.
The mechanism accelerating Cosmic rays in the milky way galaxy and galaxy clusters is identified and described. The acceleration of Cosmic rays is a purely electrostatic process which operate up to the maximum energies of 1023 ev in galaxy clusters. Galactic Cosmic rays are accelerated in a pervasive electrostatic field active in the whole galaxy except in restricted regions shielded by Interstellar and stellar plasma as, for instance, the region occupied by the Solar system. It is proved that the Energy spectrum of the Cosmic radiation in the milky way galaxy, in the region where the Solar system resides, has a constant Spectral index comprised between 2.64-2.68 and the maximum energies of galactic protons are 3.0 × 1019 ev. The agreement of these results with the experimental data is discussed in detail and highlighted. The various physical processes that maintain the stability of the electrostatic structure in the milky way galaxy are the same that generate the galactic magnetic field. Accordingly, the intensity, orientation and direction of the galactic magnetic field are evaluated. The results of the calculation are compared with the observation data, optical and mostly radio astronomi data. The accord of the intensity, orientation and direction of the observed magnetic field with calculation is excellent.
Astrophysical Sources Of Cosmic Rays And Related Measurements With The Pierre Auger Observatory
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2009
Astrophysical Sources Of Cosmic Rays And Related Measurements With The Pierre Auger Observatory written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009 with categories.
These are presentations to be presented at the 31st International Cosmic Ray Conference, in Lodz, Poland during July 2009. It consists of the following presentations: (1) Correlation of the highest energy cosmic rays with nearby extragalactic objects in Pierre Auger Observatory data; (2) Discriminating potential astrophysical sources of the highest energy cosmic rays with the Pierre Auger Observatory; (3) Intrinsic anisotropy of the UHECR from the Pierre Auger Observatory; (4) Ultra-high energy photon studies with the Pierre Auger Observatory; (5) Limits on the flux of diffuse ultra high energy neutrinos set using the Pierre Auger Observatory; (6) Search for sidereal modulation of the arrival directions of events recorded at the Pierre Auger Observatory; (7) Cosmic Ray Solar Modulation Studies in the Pierre Auger Observatory; (8) Investigation of the Displacement Angle of the Highest Energy Cosmic Rays Caused by the Galactic Magnetic Field; (9) Search for coincidences with astrophysical transients in Pierre Auger Observatory data; and (10) An alternative method for determining the energy of hybrid events at the Pierre Auger Observatory.
Studies Of The Highest Energy Cosmic Ray Air Showers With The Pierre Auger Observatory Hybrid Dectector
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Author : Bei Cai
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2006
Studies Of The Highest Energy Cosmic Ray Air Showers With The Pierre Auger Observatory Hybrid Dectector written by Bei Cai and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with categories.
Studies Of Cosmic Ray Composition And Air Shower Structure With The Pierre Auger Observatory
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2009
Studies Of Cosmic Ray Composition And Air Shower Structure With The Pierre Auger Observatory written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009 with categories.
These are presentations to be presented at the 31st International Cosmic Ray Conference, in Lodz, Poland during July 2009. It consists of the following presentations: (1) Measurement of the average depth of shower maximum and its fluctuations with the Pierre Auger Observatory; (2) Study of the nuclear mass composition of UHECR with the surface detectors of the Pierre Auger Observatory; (3) Comparison of data from the Pierre Auger Observatory with predictions from air shower simulations: testing models of hadronic interactions; (4) A Monte Carlo exploration of methods to determine the UHECR composition with the Pierre Auger Observatory; (5) The delay of the start-time measured with the Pierre Auger Observatory for inclined showers and a comparison of its variance with models; (6) UHE neutrino signatures in the surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory; and (7) The electromagnetic component of inclined air showers at the Pierre Auger Observatory.