Measuring The Marginal Social Cost Of Transport
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Measuring The Marginal Social Cost Of Transport
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Author : Christopher Nash
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2005-10-20
Measuring The Marginal Social Cost Of Transport written by Christopher Nash and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005-10-20 with Transportation categories.
Many transport economists have for some time proposed marginal social cost as the principle on which prices in the transport sector should be based and, in recent years, their prescription has come to be taken more and more seriously by policy-makers. However, in order to properly test the possible implications of implementing pricing based on marginal social cost and, ultimately, to introduce such a system, it is necessary to actually measure the marginal social costs concerned, and how they vary according to mode, time and context. This book reviews the transport pricing policy debate and reports on the significant advances made in measuring the marginal social costs of transport, particularly through UNITE and other European research projects. We look in turn at infrastructure, operating costs, user costs (both of congestion and of charges in frequency of scheduled transport services) accidents and environmental costs, and how these estimates have been used to examine the impact of marginal cost pricing in transport. We finish by examining how the results of case studies might be generalised to obtain estimates of marginal social costs for all circumstances and, finally, presenting our conclusions.
The Full Costs And Benefits Of Transportation
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Author : David L. Greene
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
The Full Costs And Benefits Of Transportation written by David L. Greene and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Business & Economics categories.
Modern transportation systems have far-reaching, and serious consequences: deaths and injuries from accidents, pollution of air, water and groundwater, noise congestion, and the greenhouse effect. As world transport systems expand and become increasingly motorised, the transportation community is searching for systems that are both efficient and sustainable. Here, leading international researchers explore the issues and concepts and define the state of knowledge concerning the full costs and benefits of transportation.
Internalising The Social Costs Of Transport
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Author : European Conference of Ministers of Transport
language : en
Publisher: ECMT
Release Date : 1994
Internalising The Social Costs Of Transport written by European Conference of Ministers of Transport and has been published by ECMT this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1994 with Business & Economics categories.
Soziale Kosten / externe Kosten.
Public Versus Private Transport
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Author : Chris Nash
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 1976-01-01
Public Versus Private Transport written by Chris Nash and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1976-01-01 with Business & Economics categories.
Paying Our Way
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Author : National Research Council (U.S.). Committee for Study of Public Policy for Surface Freight Transportation
language : en
Publisher: Transportation Research Board
Release Date : 1996
Paying Our Way written by National Research Council (U.S.). Committee for Study of Public Policy for Surface Freight Transportation and has been published by Transportation Research Board this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1996 with Business & Economics categories.
Provides a preliminary examination of whether shippers of domestic surface freight pay the full social costs of the services that they use. This study is intended not to provide definitive answers as to whether shippers pay their full social costs, but rather to determine the feasibility of making such estimates.
The Economic Benefits Of Road Transport Projects
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Author : Herman G. Tak
language : en
Publisher: Johns Hopkins University Press
Release Date : 1971
The Economic Benefits Of Road Transport Projects written by Herman G. Tak and has been published by Johns Hopkins University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1971 with Business & Economics categories.
The economic evaluation of a project in any sector entails the measurement and comparison of cost and benefit streams expected from alternative investments. This paper presents an exposition of the social surplus method of measuring benefits. The exposition is intended to shed light on the nature of benefits to be expected from road transport projects, both with and without various types of market imperfections, and in particular, to show how these benefits relate to changes in the supply and demand of transported commodities. Thus one purpose of the paper is purely expository; to record the economic mechanics behind the social surplus method of benefit evaluation as applied to road projects. In the following chapters, the paper presents a method of measuring benefits which takes traffic responses into account, discusses the factors underlying their relative importance, relates the benefits to associated changes in the production and consumption of the transported commodity, and interprets the impact of market imperfections on benefit measurement.
The Economics Of Urban Transportation
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Author : Kenneth A. Small
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2007-10-18
The Economics Of Urban Transportation written by Kenneth A. Small and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-10-18 with Business & Economics categories.
This timely new edition of Kenneth A. Small’s seminal textbook Urban Transportation Economics, co-authored with Erik T. Verhoef, has been fully updated, covering new areas such as parking policies, reliability of travel times, and the privatization of transportation services, as well as updated treatments of congestion modelling, environmental costs, and transit subsidies. Rigorous in approach and making use of real-world data and econometric techniques, it contains case studies from a range of countries including congestion charging in Norway, Singapore and the UK, light rail in the Netherlands and freeway tolls in the US. Small and Verhoef cover all basic topics needed for any application of economics to transportation: forecasting the demand for transportation services under alternative policies measuring all the costs including those incurred by users setting prices under practical constraints choosing and evaluating investments in basic facilities designing ways in which the private and public sectors interact to provide services. This book will be of great interest to students with basic calculus and some knowledge of economic theory who are engaged with transportation economics, planning and, or engineering, travel demand analysis, and many related fields. It will also be essential reading for researchers in any aspect of urban transportation.
Transport Welfare And Externalities
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Author : Dieter Schmidtchen
language : en
Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing
Release Date : 2010-01-01
Transport Welfare And Externalities written by Dieter Schmidtchen and has been published by Edward Elgar Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-01-01 with Transportation categories.
As a lawyer who has for many years been working on the interface between law and economics, I have observed with impatience the increasing divergence between academic economics and governmental policy-making. Too often economists are too obsessed with the mathematical modelling of their ideas and insufficiently concerned with the applications. This book constitutes a major and refreshing exception to that trend. Dieter Schmidtchen and his colleagues at Saarbrücken have addressed some issues of European transport policy by re-examining the fundamental ideas on which current analysis appears to be based and finding them wanting because they take too narrow a view on the options available. From the foreword by Anthony Ogus, University of Manchester, UK An excellent and comprehensive book of both theory and application for the Cheapest Cost Avoider principle (CCAP), being better for the society s welfare than the commonly applied Polluters Pay Principle for dealing with transport external impacts. It is easily readable although scientifically rigorous with useful examples. The relation to the European Transport Policy is quite valuable. The book deserves a prominent place in the literature of applied transport economics, and I highly recommend it for students following these disciplines. Dimitrios A. Tsamboulas, National Technical University of Athens, Greece This book discusses for the first time the relevance of the economic analysis of law for transport policy. The difference between applying the polluter-pays-principle and Calabresi s notion of the cheapest cost avoider are clearly explained and distributional consequences are also considered. Moreover, in addition to a brilliant economic analysis, the book also discusses important cases and the consequences of their analysis for European transport policy. It is a must-read for anyone interested either in law and economics generally or transport policy in particular. Michael Faure, Maastricht University and Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands This book discusses a paradigm shift for dealing with the internalization of external costs in transport. Crucial to the analysis is the insight that the polluters are not the only cost drivers; both pollutees and the state can also contribute to reducing social costs. The authors show that applying the Cheapest Cost Avoider Principle (CCAP) instead of the Polluter Pays Principle (PPP) can lead to substantial welfare improvements. This book develops the foundations for the CCAP, which is shown to be superior to the PPP, both methodologically and practically, in identifying the most appropriate policy for dealing with external effects in transport. The PPP neglects the fact that external costs are jointly caused by all involved parties and that the externality problem is of a reciprocal nature: to avoid harm to a pollutee necessarily inflicts harm on the polluter. The real problem for welfare maximization addressed by the CCAP is to avoid the most serious harm. The CCAP guarantees efficiency, fair competition and equity. Its use of some form of cost benefit analysis also helps to avoid regulatory failure. The CCAP incorporates polluter pays as one possible outcome; however, this is not a foregone conclusion. Two case studies showing that the methodology of the CCAP can be applied in practice and a critical assessment of the European greening transport policy complete this volume. Discussing the relevance of the economic analysis of law for transport policy, this book will appeal to academics in the fields of law and economics, environmental policy and regulatory impact assessment, and European transport policy. Policymakers and civil servants concerned with transport policy, environmental policy and regulatory impact assessment will also find this book valuable.
Pricing In Road Transport
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Author : Erik Verhoef
language : en
Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing
Release Date : 2008-01-01
Pricing In Road Transport written by Erik Verhoef and has been published by Edward Elgar Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-01-01 with Transportation categories.
. . . the book provides ample evidence of the various and often complex issues that arise in road pricing policies. New research is presented on topics mostly neglected in the past (such as the role of firms in rod pricing, or new insights from dynamic network models). Tilmann Rave, Journal of Regional Science Transport pricing is high on the political agenda throughout the world, but as the authors illustrate, governments seeking to implement this often face challenging questions and significant barriers. The associated policy and research questions cannot always be addressed adequately from a mono-disciplinary perspective. This book shows how a multi-disciplinary approach may lead to new types of analysis and insights, contributing to a better understanding of the intricacies of transport pricing and eventually to a potentially more effective and acceptable design of such policies. The study addresses important policy and research themes such as the possible motives for introducing road transport pricing and potential conflicts between these motives, behavioural responses to transport pricing for households and firms, the modelling of transport pricing, and the acceptability of pricing. Studying road transport pricing from a multi-disciplinary perspective, this book will be of great interest to transport policymakers and advisors, transport academics and consultants and students in transport studies.
Critical Infrastructure
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Author : Antonio Di Pietro
language : en
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
Release Date : 2024-02-14
Critical Infrastructure written by Antonio Di Pietro and has been published by BoD – Books on Demand this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-02-14 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Modern critical infrastructures (CIs) (e.g., electricity, water, transportation, telecommunications, and others) form complex systems with a high degree of interdependencies from one CI to the others. Natural disasters (e.g., earthquakes, floods, droughts, landslides, and wildfires), humanmade disasters (e.g., sabotage and terrorism), and system faults (due to structural and equipment failures) will affect not only the directly impacted CI but all interdependent CIs. Risk assessment, therefore, has to be done over the entire system of CIs and should also include the social and personal impacts. According to a 2022 report, 80% of cities have been affected by significant climate change hazards represented by extreme heat (46%), heavy rainfall (36%), drought (35%), and floods (33%). The impacts of climate change, therefore, affect the complex system of the built environment and result in interrelated consequences at different scales ranging from single buildings to urban spaces and territorial infrastructures. Since it is not possible to reduce the severity of natural hazards, the main opportunity for lowering risk lies in reducing vulnerability and exposure. Vulnerability and exposure are related to urban development choices and practices that weaken the system’s robustness. This volume reviews recent insights from risk identification and reduction to preparedness and financial protection strategies and proposes new approaches for better CIs and built environment protection.