Memory Systems Of The Addicted Brain The Underestimated Role Of Drug Induced Cognitive Biases In Addiction And Its Treatment
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Memory Systems Of The Addicted Brain The Underestimated Role Of Drug Induced Cognitive Biases In Addiction And Its Treatment
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Author : Vincent David
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2018-06-08
Memory Systems Of The Addicted Brain The Underestimated Role Of Drug Induced Cognitive Biases In Addiction And Its Treatment written by Vincent David and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-06-08 with categories.
Drug addiction may be viewed as a form of learning during which strong associations linking actions to drug-seeking are expressed as persistent stimulus–response habits, thereby maintaining a vulnerability to relapse. Disrupting cue–drug memory could be an efficient strategy to reduce the strength of cues in motivating drug-taking behavior. Upon reactivation, these memories undergo a reconsolidation process that can be blocked pharmacologically, providing an opportunity to prevent the powerful control of drug cues on behavior. This conceptually elegant approach still calls for more experimental data. However, an increasing body of evidence suggests that drug taking not only accelerates habit forming, but has long-lasting effects on interactions between memory systems eventually leading to a functional imbalance. The dorsal part of the striatum plays a critical role in habit/procedural learning, whereas the hippocampal memory system encodes relationships between events and their later flexible use. Both humans and rodents studies support the view that the hippocampus and the dorsal striatum interact in either a cooperative or competitive manner during learning, the prefrontal cortex being involved in the selection of an appropriate learning strategy. Chronic drug consumption biases normal interactions between these memory systems. For instance, drug-experienced rodents tend to use preferentially striatum-dependent learning strategies in navigational tasks. These persistent effects seem to occur at cellular, neurophysiological and behavioral levels to promote specific, striatal-dependent forms of learning, to the detriment of spatial/declarative, hippocampal-dependent and more flexible types of memory. Whether cue sensitive and response learners, in contrast to spatial learners, could be prone to drug addiction is an intriguing hypothesis which clearly deserves to be further explored. A loss of flexibility may be uncovered also by imposing changing rules on the subject, such as requiring an attentional shift between different perceptual features of a complex stimulus, as in the attentional set shifting task which was recently adapted to rodents. Working memory is at risk during transition phases, although it remains to be determined whether withdrawal-induced alterations are observed also during protracted abstinence. Drug-induced cognitive biases thus lead to cognitive rigidity which could play a critical, yet overlooked role in different phases of addiction (acquisition, extinction/withdrawal and relapse). They are also likely to preclude the clinical efficiency of treatments. Therefore, the aim of this research topic is to provide an overview of the current work investigating the long-term impact of drug use on learning and memory processes, how multiple memory systems modulate drug-seeking behavior, as well as how drug-induced cognitive biases could contribute to the persistence of addictive behaviors.
Memory Systems Of The Addicted Brain The Underestimated Role Of Drug Induced Cognitive Biases In Addiction And Its Treatment
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2018
Memory Systems Of The Addicted Brain The Underestimated Role Of Drug Induced Cognitive Biases In Addiction And Its Treatment written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with categories.
Drug addiction may be viewed as a form of learning during which strong associations linking actions to drug-seeking are expressed as persistent stimulus-response habits, thereby maintaining a vulnerability to relapse. Disrupting cue-drug memory could be an efficient strategy to reduce the strength of cues in motivating drug-taking behavior. Upon reactivation, these memories undergo a reconsolidation process that can be blocked pharmacologically, providing an opportunity to prevent the powerful control of drug cues on behavior. This conceptually elegant approach still calls for more experimental data. However, an increasing body of evidence suggests that drug taking not only accelerates habit forming, but has long-lasting effects on interactions between memory systems eventually leading to a functional imbalance. The dorsal part of the striatum plays a critical role in habit/procedural learning, whereas the hippocampal memory system encodes relationships between events and their later flexible use. Both humans and rodents studies support the view that the hippocampus and the dorsal striatum interact in either a cooperative or competitive manner during learning, the prefrontal cortex being involved in the selection of an appropriate learning strategy. Chronic drug consumption biases normal interactions between these memory systems. For instance, drug-experienced rodents tend to use preferentially striatum-dependent learning strategies in navigational tasks. These persistent effects seem to occur at cellular, neurophysiological and behavioral levels to promote specific, striatal-dependent forms of learning, to the detriment of spatial/declarative, hippocampal-dependent and more flexible types of memory. Whether cue sensitive and response learners, in contrast to spatial learners, could be prone to drug addiction is an intriguing hypothesis which clearly deserves to be further explored. A loss of flexibility may be uncovered also by imposing changing rules on the subject, such as requiring an attentional shift between different perceptual features of a complex stimulus, as in the attentional set shifting task which was recently adapted to rodents. Working memory is at risk during transition phases, although it remains to be determined whether withdrawal-induced alterations are observed also during protracted abstinence. Drug-induced cognitive biases thus lead to cognitive rigidity which could play a critical, yet overlooked role in different phases of addiction (acquisition, extinction/withdrawal and relapse). They are also likely to preclude the clinical efficiency of treatments. Therefore, the aim of this research topic is to provide an overview of the current work investigating the long-term impact of drug use on learning and memory processes, how multiple memory systems modulate drug-seeking behavior, as well as how drug-induced cognitive biases could contribute to the persistence of addictive behaviors.
Impulsivity And Compulsivity
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Author : John M. Oldham
language : en
Publisher: American Psychiatric Pub
Release Date : 1996
Impulsivity And Compulsivity written by John M. Oldham and has been published by American Psychiatric Pub this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1996 with Medical categories.
Traditionally, impulsive and compulsive behaviors have been categorized as fundamentally distinct. However, patients often exhibit both of these behaviors. This common comorbidity has sparked renewed interest in the factors contributing to the disorders in which these behaviors are prominent. Impulsivity and Compulsivity applies a provocative spectrum model to this psychopathology. The spectrum model is consistent with a dimensional model for psychopathology and considers the dynamic interaction of biopsychosocial forces in the development of impulsive and compulsive disorders. In this important work on impulsive/compulsive psychopathology, leading researchers and clinicians share their expertise on the phenomenological, biological, psychodynamic, and treatment aspects of these disorders. Differential diagnosis, comorbidity of the impulsive-compulsive spectrum of disorders, and assessment by the seven-factor model of temperament and character are discussed. Chapters are also dedicated to the antianxiety function of impulsivity and compulsivity, defense mechanisms in impulsive disorders versus obsessive-compulsive disorders, and the unique aspects of psychotherapy with impulsive and compulsive patients. Clinical researchers and clinicians will be enlightened by this exceptional work. The information provided is supplemented with clinical vignettes, and the final chapter provides a synthetic summary that offers a unified, dynamic approach to impulsive and compulsive behavior.
Brain Science Addiction And Drugs
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2008
Brain Science Addiction And Drugs written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008 with Drug addiction categories.
The Psychology Of Addiction
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Author : Jenny Svanberg
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2018-05-08
The Psychology Of Addiction written by Jenny Svanberg and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-05-08 with Psychology categories.
When does a harmless habit become an addition? Why do only some of us get addicted? What can make recovery possible? The Psychology of Addiction is a fascinating introduction to the psychological issues surrounding addiction and the impact they have on social policy, recovery and an addict’s everyday life. The book focuses on drug and alcohol addiction and tackles topics such as whether drug use always leads to addiction and the importance of social networks to recovery. It also looks at how people can become addicted to activities like gambling, gaming and sex. In a society that still stigmatises addiction The Psychology of Addiction emphasises the importance of compassion, and provides a sensitive insight to anyone with experience of addiction.
Gambling Disorder
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Author : Andreas Heinz
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2019-01-05
Gambling Disorder written by Andreas Heinz and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-01-05 with Medical categories.
This book provides an overview of the state of the art in research on and treatment of gambling disorder. As a behavioral addiction, gambling disorder is of increasing relevance to the field of mental health. Research conducted in the last decade has yielded valuable new insights into the characteristics and etiology of gambling disorder, as well as effective treatment strategies. The different chapters of this book present detailed information on the general concept of addiction as applied to gambling, the clinical characteristics, epidemiology and comorbidities of gambling disorder, as well as typical cognitive distortions found in patients with gambling disorder. In addition, the book includes chapters discussing animal models and the genetic and neurobiological underpinnings of the disorder. Further, it is examining treatment options including pharmacological and psychological intervention methods, as well as innovative new treatment approaches. The book also discusses relevant similarities to and differences with substance-related disorders and other behavioral addictions. Lastly, it examines gambling behavior from a cultural perspective, considers possible prevention strategies and outlines future perspectives in the field.
Beyond The Therapeutic Alliance
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1997
Beyond The Therapeutic Alliance written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1997 with Electronic government information categories.
The Organized Mind
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Author : Daniel Levitin
language : en
Publisher: Penguin UK
Release Date : 2015-01-29
The Organized Mind written by Daniel Levitin and has been published by Penguin UK this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-01-29 with Self-Help categories.
Author and neuroscientist Daniel Levitin tackles the problems of twenty-first century information overload in his New York Times bestselling book The Organized Mind. 'The Organized Mind is smart, important, and as always, exquisitely written' - Daniel Gilbert, Harvard University, author of Stumbling on Happiness Overwhelmed by demands on your time? Baffled by the sheer volume of data? You're not alone: modern society is in a state of information overload. The Organized Mind investigates this phenomenon and the effect it has on us, analysing how and why our brains are struggling to keep up with the demands of the digital age. The twenty-first century sees us drowning under emails, forever juggling six tasks at once and trying to make complex decisions ever more quickly. Using a combination of academic research and examples from daily life, neuroscientist and bestselling author Daniel Levitin explains how to take back control of your life. This book will take you through every aspect of modern life, from healthcare to online dating to raising kids, showing that the secret to success is always organization. Levitin's research is surprising, powerful and will change the way you see the world. It's time to learn why there's no such thing as multitasking, why email is so addictive and why all successful people need a junk drawer. In a world where information is power, The Organized Mind holds the key to harnessing that information and making it work for you. Dr. Daniel J. Levitin has a PhD in Psychology, training at Stanford University Medical School and UC Berkeley. He is the author of the No. 1 bestseller This Is Your Brain On Music (Dutton, 2006), published in nineteen languages, and The World in Six Songs (Dutton, 2008) which hit the bestseller lists in its first week of release. Currently he is a James McGill Professor of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience and Music at McGill University in Montreal, Canada.
The Recognition And Management Of Early Psychosis
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Author : Patrick D. McGorry
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 1999-07-28
The Recognition And Management Of Early Psychosis written by Patrick D. McGorry and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999-07-28 with Psychology categories.
The treatment of early psychosis has been bedevilled by an entrenched pessimism, stemming from the asylum era and the Kraepelinian model of schizophrenia. More recently, however, there has been a surge of interest in preventively oriented treatment of patients showing the first signs of psychotic illness, with the realization that these illnesses are frequently highly responsive to early treatment. This is the first text to focus on the potential of early detection of psychosis, and the practicalities of treatment. Based on the pioneering experience and research of a now well-established prevention and intervention centre, and with contributions from international authorities, the book outlines a framework for intervention, reviews the evidence available to guide clinical practice, and describes models of treatment. Incorporating many personal narratives and case histories, it is strong on theory, sensitive on practical issues, and will challenge, inform and guide clinicians.
Substance Abuse Among Older Adults
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Author : Frederic C. Blow
language : en
Publisher: DIANE Publishing
Release Date : 1999-08
Substance Abuse Among Older Adults written by Frederic C. Blow and has been published by DIANE Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999-08 with categories.
Researchers are only beginning to realize the pervasiveness of substance abuse, such as alcohol and prescription drug misuse, among older people, thousands of whom need treatment but do not receive it. This Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) recommends best practices for identifying, screening, assessing, and treating alcohol and prescription drug abuse among people age 60 and older. Sections: alcohol; use and abuse of psychoactive prescription drugs and OTC medications; identification, screening, and assessment; referral and treatment approaches; outcomes and cost issues; legal and ethical issues; tools. Bibliography. 19 charts and tables.