Metchnikoff And The Origins Of Immunology
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Metchnikoff And The Origins Of Immunology
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Author : Alfred I. Tauber
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 1991-07-25
Metchnikoff And The Origins Of Immunology written by Alfred I. Tauber and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1991-07-25 with Medical categories.
This fascinating intellectual history is the first critical study of the work of Elie Metchnikoff, the founding father of modern immunology. Metchnikoff authored and championed the theory that phagocytic cells actively defend the host body against pathogens and diseased cells. His program developed from comparative embryological studies that sought to establish genealogical relations between species at the dawn of the Darwinian revolution. In this scientific biography, Tauber and Chernyak explore ore Metchnikoff's development as an embryologist, showing how it prepared him to propose his theory of host-pathogen interaction. They discuss the profound impact of Darwin's theory of evolution on Metchnikoff's progress, and the influence of 19th century debates on vitalism, teleology, and mechanism. As a case study of scientific discovery, this work offers lucid insight into the process of creative science and its dependence on cultural and philosophic sources. Immunologists and historians of science and medicine will find it an absorbing and accessible account of a remarkable individual.
Immunity
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Author : Luba Vikhanski
language : en
Publisher: Chicago Review Press
Release Date : 2016-04-01
Immunity written by Luba Vikhanski and has been published by Chicago Review Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-04-01 with Biography & Autobiography categories.
Around Christmas of 1882, while peering through a microscope at starfish larvae in which he had inserted tiny thorns, Russian zoologist Elie Metchnikoff had a brilliant insight: what if the mobile cells he saw gathering around the thorns were nothing but a healing force in action? Metchnikoff's daring theory of immunity—that voracious cells he called phagocytes formed the first line of defense against invading bacteria—would eventually earn the scientist a Nobel Prize, shared with his archrival, as well as the unofficial moniker "Father of Natural Immunity." But first he had to win over skeptics, especially those who called his theory "an oriental fairy tale." Using previously inaccessible archival materials, author Luba Vikhanski chronicles Metchnikoff's remarkable life and discoveries in the first moder n biography of this hero of medicine. Metchnikoff was a towering figure in the scientific community of the early twentieth century, a tireless humanitarian who, while working at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, also strived to curb the spread of cholera, syphilis, and other deadly diseases. In his later years, he startled the world with controversial theories on longevity, launching a global craze for yogurt, and pioneered research into gut microbes and aging. Though Metchnikoff was largely forgotten for nearly a hundred years, Vikhanski documents a remarkable revival of interest in his ideas on immunity and on the gut flora in the science of the twenty-first century.
Immunity
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Author : Alfred I. Tauber
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2017-01-02
Immunity written by Alfred I. Tauber and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-01-02 with Science categories.
Modern immunology traditionally conceives of the immune system as providing defense against pathogens. Alfred I. Tauber criticizes this conception of immunity as too narrow, because it discounts much of the immune system's other normal functions. These include active tolerance of nutritional exchanges with the environment and the stabilization of cooperative relationships with resident micro-organisms. An expanded account extends immunity's functional role from singular 'defense' to broadened discernment of environmental 'exchange.' This ecological perspective has profound theoretical implications, for the basic notion of immune identity is reconfigured: highlighting the organism as a holobiont (a consortium of diverse organisms living in cooperative relationships) challenges prevailing concepts of individuality and the self/nonself dichotomy heretofore organizing immune theory. Indeed, if theoretical interest is focused on the challenges of maintaining immune balance in the full ecological context of the organism, then immune regulation assumes new complexity. Tauber maintains that the key to unravelling that puzzle requires a critical re-assessment of the cognitive processes that underlie immune effector functions. Accordingly, he provides the outline of a re-formulated 'cognitive paradigm' that dispenses with agent-based models and adopts an ecologically conceived understanding of perception and information processing. The implications of this revised configuration of immunity and its deconstructed notions of individuality and selfhood have wide significance for philosophers and life scientists working in immunology, ecology, and the cognitive sciences.
The Evolutionary Biology Papers Of Elie Metchnikoff
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Author : H. Gourko
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-04-17
The Evolutionary Biology Papers Of Elie Metchnikoff written by H. Gourko and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-04-17 with History categories.
Elie Metchnikoff (1845-1916), winner of the Nobel Prize in 1907 for his contributions to immunology, was first a comparative zoologist, who, working in the wake of Darwin's On the Origin of Species, made seminal contributions to evolutionary biology. His work in comparative embryology is best known in regard to the debates with Ernst Haeckel concerning animal genealogical relationships and the theoretical origins of metazoans. But independent of those polemics, Metchnikoff developed his `phagocytosis theory' of immunity as a result of his early comparative embryology research, and only in examining the full breadth of his work do we appreciate his signal originality. Metchnikoff's scientific papers have remained largely untranslated into English. Assembled here, annotated and edited, are the key evolutionary biology papers dating from Metchnikoff's earliest writings (1865) to the texts of his mature period of the 1890s, which will serve as an invaluable resource for those interested in the historical development of evolutionary biology.
A History Of Immunology
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Author : Arthur M. Silverstein
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2012-12-02
A History Of Immunology written by Arthur M. Silverstein and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-02 with Medical categories.
This is a professional-level intellectual history of the development of immunology from about 1720 to about 1970. Beginning with the work and insights of the early immunologists in the 18th century, Silverstein traces the development of the major ideas which have formed immunology down to the maturation of the discipline in the decade following the Second World War. Emphasis is placed on the philosophic and sociologic climate of the scientific milieu in which immunology has developed, providing a background to the broad culture of the discipline. A professional-level intellectual history of the development of immunology from about 1720 to 1970, with emphasis placed on the social climate of the scientific milieu in which modern immunology evolved Written by an author very well known both as a historian of medical science and for his substantial research contributions to the immunopathology of the eye The only complete history of immunology available
Immunity
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Author : Alfred I. Tauber
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
Immunity written by Alfred I. Tauber and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with HEALTH & FITNESS categories.
In 'Immunity', Alfred Tauber sets forth a new theory of immunology that rejects the common principle of self and non-self, and the immune system's role as a protector of the self from external threats. Rather than serving to defend an independent entity, he argues, immunity participates in a large, complex eco-system of porous and flexible boundaries. Tauber's new approach to immunology necessitates a new biology in which symbiosis is the rule, not the exception.
Life Of Elie Metchnikoff 1845 1916
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Author : Olga Metchnikoff
language : en
Publisher: Legare Street Press
Release Date : 2023-07-18
Life Of Elie Metchnikoff 1845 1916 written by Olga Metchnikoff and has been published by Legare Street Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-07-18 with categories.
This compelling biography offers a detailed look at the life and work of Elie Metchnikoff, a pioneering biologist who made many important contributions to the field of immunology. Written by Metchnikoff's wife, Olga Mechnikova, this book provides a fascinating glimpse into Metchnikoff's personal and professional life, including his groundbreaking research on the immune system. A must-read for anyone interested in the history of science and medicine. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.
Paul Ehrlich S Receptor Immunology
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Author : Arthur M. Silverstein
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2001-11-17
Paul Ehrlich S Receptor Immunology written by Arthur M. Silverstein and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001-11-17 with Medical categories.
Paul Ehrlich's Receptor Immunology: The Magnificent Obsession describes the background to Paul Ehrlich's immunological works and theories and delves into the substance of his experiments in great detail. By exploring these early developments in immunology, the book lays the foundation for modern concepts, providing immunologists, biomedical researchers, and students the context for the discoveries in their field. The selectionist theory of antibody formation Kinetics of primary and secondary antibody response Quantitative methods of measurement of antigens and antibody Demonstration of passive transfer of immunity from mother to foetus
Immunity In Infective Diseases
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Author : Elie Metchnikoff
language : en
Publisher: CreateSpace
Release Date : 2015-04-25
Immunity In Infective Diseases written by Elie Metchnikoff and has been published by CreateSpace this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-04-25 with Immunity categories.
A book from the father of Probiotics and Nobel Prize Winner in Medicine, Élie Metchnikoff. An excerpt from a review in The Saturday Review, [1907] The doctrine of phagocytosis which will always remain linked with the name of Metchnikoff, was the fruit of observations upon comparative biology. It is strange that detached researches upon the life-processes of minute marine organisms should revolutionise medicine, but the width of bearing to be allowed to scientific data is notoriously indefinable, as was well demonstrated by the case in point. At the time of Metchnikoff's great discovery microscopists had already established the anatomical facts of inflammation, such as the determination of blood to the menaced area, and the large accumulation there of the motile white cells of the blood. But not until Metchnikoff indicated the capacity of these cells to envelope and digest offending particles of foreign matter was the true significance of the inflammatory reaction brought to light. In the transparent larvae of star-fish he observed that the introduction of a thorn resulted in an accumulation of motile cells around the intruder. Here in a transparent organism, possessing neither blood-vessels nor nervous system, was to be seen in replica, mutatis mutandis, the anatomical picture of inflammation as it occurs in vertebrates. Plainly then, this cellular accumulation was a fundamental factor in the vital response of living structures to injury.... Upon such facts he founded the theory that in this process, to which he gave the name phagocytosis, lay the chief weapon of self-defence wielded by the living organism. The theory met with widespread opposition, and when it was discovered that the blood serum of animals immunised against the cholera bacillus was capable of destroying this bacillus in vitro, apparently without any cellular intervention whatever, the phagocytic basis of immunity seemed threatened to its foundations. Opinions veered towards a humoral explanation which credited the defensive properties of the immune organism to the body fluids. But Metchnikoff was far from being defeated. He proved that the injection of bacilli in this experiment produced a temporary destruction of white blood cells and the release of certain digestive substances, allied to the digestive ferments of the alimentary system and normally enclosed within these cells. When, by an ingenious manoeuvre, this preliminary destruction was avoided, the fluids of the immune body remained quite inert against the injected bacteria. Cellular intervention has thus again claimed a paramount position in the mechanism of immunity. No one can read this book without being impressed by the dispassionate and judicial attitude of the author. Although it is in a sense an apologia, one feels that the writer is recording a balanced survey of his labours of twenty-five strenuous years, and the impression left by the work is correspondingly convincing. We cannot do better than reproduce in his own words his final conclusions. "There is only one constant element in immunity, whether innate or acquired, and that is phagocytosis ... It is clearly proved that phagocytes are susceptible cells which react against morbific agents, whether organised or not. These cells ingest microorganisms and absorb soluble substances. They seize microbes whilst these are still living and capable of exercising their noxious effect, and bring them under the action of their cellular contents, which are capable of killing and digesting these micro-organisms, or of inhibiting their pathogenic action. Phagocytes act because they possess vital properties and a faculty of exerting a fermentative action on morbific agents." The book is a classic, and we owe the translator a heavy debt for making it an English one. We can give him no higher praise than by affirming that there is nothing in the diction of the text to suggest its alien origin.
The Generation Of Diversity
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Author : Alfred I. Tauber
language : en
Publisher: Harvard University Press
Release Date : 2000
The Generation Of Diversity written by Alfred I. Tauber and has been published by Harvard University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2000 with Antibody diversity categories.
This book is an intellectual history of the major theoretical problem in immunology and its resolution in the post-World War II period. In recent years immunology has been one of the most exciting--and successful--fields of biomedical research; this book provides essential background for understanding the conceptual conflicts occurring in the field.