Mine Seismicity And The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
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Mine Seismicity And The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1998
Mine Seismicity And The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1998 with categories.
Surface and underground mining operations generate seismic ground motions which are created by chemical explosions and ground failures. It may come as a surprise to some that the ground failures (coal bumps, first caves, pillar collapses, rockbursts, etc.) can send signals whose magnitudes are as strong or stronger than those from any mining blast. A verification system that includes seismic, infrasound, hydroacoustic and radionuclide sensors is being completed as part of the CTBT. The largest mine blasts and ground failures will be detected by this system and must be identified as distinct from signals generated by small nuclear explosions. Seismologists will analyze the seismic records and presumably should be able to separate them into earthquake-like and non earthquake-like categories, using a variety of so-called seismic discriminants. Non-earthquake essentially means explosion- or implosion-like. Such signals can be generated not only by mine blasts but also by a variety of ground failures. Because it is known that single-fired chemical explosions and nuclear explosion signals of the same yield give very similar seismic records, the non-earthquake signals will be of concern to the Treaty verification community. The magnitude of the mine-related events is in the range of seismicity created by smaller nuclear explosions or decoupled tests, which are of particular concern under the Treaty. It is conceivable that legitimate mining blasts or some mine-induced ground failures could occasionally be questioned. Information such as shot time, location and design parameters may be all that is necessary to resolve the event identity. In rare instances where the legitimate origin of the event could not be resolved by a consultation and clarification procedure, it might trigger on On-Site Inspection (OSI). Because there is uncertainty in the precise location of seismic event as determined by the International Monitoring System (IMS), the OSI can cover an area of up to 1,000 squared kilometers. In active mining districts this area could include several different mining operations. So, an OSI could be disruptive both to the mining community and to the US Government which must host the foreign inspection team. Accordingly, it is in the best interest of all US parties to try and eliminate the possible occurrence of false alarms. This can be achieved primarily by reducing the ambiguity of mine-induced seismic signals, so that even if these remain visible to the IMS they are clearly consistent with recognizable mining patterns.
Monitoring The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Seismic Event Discrimination And Identification
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Author : William R. Walter
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2013-04-18
Monitoring The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Seismic Event Discrimination And Identification written by William R. Walter and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-04-18 with Science categories.
In September 1996, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), prohibiting nuclear explosions worldwide, in all environments. The treaty calls for a global verification system, including a network of 321 monitoring stations distributed around the globe, a data communications network, an international data center, and onsite inspections, to verify compliance. The problem of identifying small-magnitude banned nuclear tests and discriminating between such tests and the background of earthquakes and mining-related seismic events, is a challenging research problem. Because they emphasize CTBT verification research, the 12 papers in this special volume primarily addresses regional data recorded by a variety of arrays, broadband stations, and temporarily deployed stations. Nuclear explosions, earthquakes, mining-related explosions, mine collapses, single-charge and ripple-fired chemical explosions from Europe, Asia, North Africa, and North America are all studied. While the primary emphasis is on short-period, body-wave discriminants and associated source and path corrections, research that focuses on long-period data recorded at regional and teleseismic distances is also presented Hence, these papers demonstrate how event identification research in support of CTBT monitoring has expanded in recent years to include a wide variety of event types, data types, geographic regions and statistical techniques.
Seismic Signals From Mining Operations And The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
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Author : National Research Council
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 1998-08-16
Seismic Signals From Mining Operations And The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty written by National Research Council and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1998-08-16 with Science categories.
Monitoring A Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
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Author : Eystein S. Husebye
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Monitoring A Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty written by Eystein S. Husebye and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Science categories.
An international treaty banning the testing of any nuclear device in any environment - a comprehensive test ban treaty (CTBT) - has been on the political agenda for nearly 40 years. Objections to a CTBT have been political, technical, or a combination of both. However, the possibilities seem better after the end of the Cold War. In the prevailing, cooperative disarmament climate a CTBT appears likely to be approved by most countries in 1996. Hence the great current interest in monitoring technologies and capabilities. Such issues are comprehensively addressed here, a preamble being devoted to the political developments and setbacks over the past 40 years. Since seismic means are considered the dominant monitoring element, they are explored in detail. Contributions cover network deployments, advanced signal processing, wave propagation in heterogeneous media, and seismic source representations, and a variety of techniques for source classification (including neural networks). Complementary monitoring techniques, such as hydroacoustics, radionuclides and infrasound, are also summarised. The IAEA operation for monitoring compliance with the Non-Proliferation Treaty is also presented. The book also includes eyewitness accounts of the Soviet 50 Mt megabomb development and test, as well as the efforts made by the state to monitor the nuclear test programmes of the western powers. Includes some 33 articles written by distinguished scientists active in CTBT monitoring research for decades.
A Wavelet Analysis Of Mining Explosions Observations Relating To Verification Of A Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1997
A Wavelet Analysis Of Mining Explosions Observations Relating To Verification Of A Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1997 with categories.
International nuclear testing threshold treaties, under effect in some form or another since 1983, have rallied scientists to devise ways of monitoring nuclear weapons tests. The UN General Assembly's adoption at a Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty in 1996 heightens the need to distinguish nuclear events not only from earthquakes, but also from man-made mining explosions. The treaty requires a monitoring threshold potentially as low as magnitude mg=2.5, which translates to a yield of roughly 16 T of explosive. The CTBT is even more stringent than the former International agreement, the Threshold Test Ban Treaty, which already imposed a ceiling of 150 kT. In the U.S., the number of man-made mining explosions with yield greeter than 50 T is about 10,000 per day, about one of which is greater than 200 T, giving ample justification for a discriminant that sifts earthquakes and nuclear explosions from mining explosions that may occur on the same magnitude scale. What is more, there are various ways to evade the detection of a nuclear test, such as detonating the bomb in an underground cavity or during an earthquake or certain types of mining explosions. That evasion tactics can effectively reduce the perceived magnitude by half underscores the need for high-gain. high-confidence identification methods. If testing is to be monitored globally and systematically, it is desirable to differentiate events independently of local testing or mining practices and local geological characteristics. Scientists therefore seek a seismic discriminant.
Large Mining Blasts From The Kursk Mining Region Russia
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1997
Large Mining Blasts From The Kursk Mining Region Russia written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1997 with categories.
Monitoring the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) by seismic means will require identification of seismic sources at magnitude levels where industrial explosions (primarily, mining blasts) may comprise a significant fraction of the total number of events recorded, and may for some countries dominate the seismicity. Thus, data on blasting practice have both political significance for the negotiation of treaties involving seismic monitoring of nuclear tests, and operational applications in terms of establishing monitoring and inspection needs on a mine-by-mine basis. While it is generally accepted that mining explosions contribute to seismicity at lower seismic magnitudes (less than about magnitude 3.5), the rate of mining seismicity as a function of seismic magnitude is unknown for most countries outside the U.S. This results in a large uncertainty when estimating the task of discriminating nuclear explosions from chemical explosions and earthquakes, by seismic means, under a comprehensive nuclear test ban. This uncertainty directly affects estimates of seismic network enhancements required to achieve treaty verification requirements at magnitudes less than about 3.5. 24 refs., 64 figs., 11 tabs.
Monitoring The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
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Author : Frode Ringdal
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2001-04
Monitoring The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty written by Frode Ringdal and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001-04 with Political Science categories.
In September 1996, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), prohibiting nuclear explosions worldwide, in all environments. The treaty calls for a global verification system, including a network of 321 monitoring stations distributed around the globe, a data communications network, an international data centre (IDC), and on-site inspections, to verify compliance. This volume contains research papers focusing on seismic ecent location in the CTBT context. The on-site inspection protocol of the treaty specifies a search area not to exceed 1000 square km. Much of the current research effort is therefore directed towards refining the accuracy of event location by including allowances for three-dimensional structure within the Earth. The aim is that the true location of each event will lie within the specified source zone regarding postulated location. The papers in this volume cover many aspects of seismic event location, including the development of algorithms suitable for use with three-dimensional models, allowances for regional structure, use of calibration events and source-specific station corrections. They provide a broad overview of the current international effort to improve seismic event location accuracy, and the editors hope that it will stimulate increased interest and further advances in this important field.
The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
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Author : National Research Council
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2012-04-29
The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty written by National Research Council and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-04-29 with Technology & Engineering categories.
This report reviews and updates the 2002 National Research Council report, Technical Issues Related to the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT). This report also assesses various topics, including: the plans to maintain the safety and reliability of the U.S. nuclear stockpile without nuclear-explosion testing; the U.S. capability to detect, locate, and identify nuclear explosions; commitments necessary to sustain the stockpile and the U.S. and international monitoring systems; and potential technical advances countries could achieve through evasive testing and unconstrained testing. Sustaining these technical capabilities will require action by the National Nuclear Security Administration, with the support of others, on a strong scientific and engineering base maintained through a continuing dynamic of experiments linked with analysis, a vigorous surveillance program, adequate ratio of performance margins to uncertainties. This report also emphasizes the use of modernized production facilities and a competent and capable workforce with a broad base of nuclear security expertise.
Monitoring The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Surface Waves
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Author : Anatoli L. Levshin
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Monitoring The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Surface Waves written by Anatoli L. Levshin and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Science categories.
On September 1996, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), prohibiting nuclear explosions worldwide, in all environments. The treaty calls for a global verification system, including a network of 321 monitoring stations distributed around the globe, a data communications network, an international data center (IDC), and on-site inspections to verify compliance. Seismic methods play the lead role in monitoring the CTBT. This volume concentrates on the measurement and use of surface waves in monitoring the CTBT. Surface waves have three principal applications in CTBT monitoring: to help discriminate nuclear explosions from other sources of seismic energy, to provide mathematical characterizations of the seismic energy that emanates from seismic sources, and to be used as data in inversion for the seismic velocity structure of the crust and uppermost mantle for locating small seismic events regionally. The papers in this volume fall into two general categories: the development and/or application of methods to summarize information in surface waves, and the use of these summaries to advance the art of surface-wave identification, measurement, and source characterization. These papers cut across essentially all of the major applications of surface waves to monitoring the CTBT. This volume therefore provides a general introduction to the state of research in this area and should be useful as a guide for further exploration.
Monitoring The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Source Location
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Author : Frode Ringdal
language : en
Publisher: Birkhäuser
Release Date : 2013-03-07
Monitoring The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Source Location written by Frode Ringdal and has been published by Birkhäuser this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-03-07 with Science categories.
In September 1996, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), prohibiting nuclear explosions worldwide, in all environments. The treaty calls for a global verification system, including a network of 321 monitoring stations distributed around the globe, a data communications network, an international data centre (IDC), and on-site inspections, to verify compliance. This volume contains research papers focusing on seismic ecent location in the CTBT context. The on-site inspection protocol of the treaty specifies a search area not to exceed 1000 square km. Much of the current research effort is therefore directed towards refining the accuracy of event location by including allowances for three-dimensional structure within the Earth. The aim is that the true location of each event will lie within the specified source zone regarding postulated location. The papers in this volume cover many aspects of seismic event location, including the development of algorithms suitable for use with three-dimensional models, allowances for regional structure, use of calibration events and source-specific station corrections. They provide a broad overview of the current international effort to improve seismic event location accuracy, and the editors hope that it will stimulate increased interest and further advances in this important field.