Modeling And Control Of Egr On Marine Two Stroke Diesel Engines

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Modeling And Control Of Egr On Marine Two Stroke Diesel Engines

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Author : Xavier Llamas
language : en
Publisher: Linköping University Electronic Press
Release Date : 2018-01-30

Modeling And Control Of Egr On Marine Two Stroke Diesel Engines written by Xavier Llamas and has been published by Linköping University Electronic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-01-30 with categories.

The international marine shipping industry is responsible for the transport of around 90% of the total world trade. Low-speed two-stroke diesel engines usually propel the largest trading ships. This engine type choice is mainly motivated by its high fuel efficiency and the capacity to burn cheap low-quality fuels. To reduce the marine freight impact on the environment, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has introduced stricter limits on the engine pollutant emissions. One of these new restrictions, named Tier III, sets the maximum NOx emissions permitted. New emission reduction technologies have to be developed to fulfill the Tier III limits on two-stroke engines since adjusting the engine combustion alone is not sufficient. There are several promising technologies to achieve the required NOx reductions, Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) is one of them. For automotive applications, EGR is a mature technology, and many of the research findings can be used directly in marine applications. However, there are some differences in marine two-stroke engines, which require further development to apply and control EGR. The number of available engines for testing EGR controllers on ships and test beds is low due to the recent introduction of EGR. Hence, engine simulation models are a good alternative for developing controllers, and many different engine loading scenarios can be simulated without the high costs of running real engine tests. The primary focus of this thesis is the development and validation of models for two-stroke marine engines with EGR. The modeling follows a Mean Value Engine Model (MVEM) approach, which has a low computational complexity and permits faster than real-time simulations suitable for controller testing. A parameterization process that deals with the low measurement data availability, compared to the available data on automotive engines, is also investigated and described. As a result, the proposed model is parameterized to two different two-stroke engines showing a good agreement with the measurements in both stationary and dynamic conditions. Several engine components have been developed. One of these is a new analytic in-cylinder pressure model that captures the influence of the injection and exhaust valve timings without increasing the simulation time. A new compressor model that can extrapolate to low speeds and pressure ratios in a physically sound way is also described. This compressor model is a requirement to be able to simulate low engine loads. Moreover, a novel parameterization algorithm is shown to handle well the model nonlinearities and to obtain a good model agreement with a large number of tested compressor maps. Furthermore, the engine model is complemented with dynamic models for ship and propeller to be able to simulate transient sailing scenarios, where good EGR controller performance is crucial. The model is used to identify the low load area as the most challenging for the controller performance, due to the slower engine air path dynamics. Further low load simulations indicate that sensor bias can be problematic and lead to an undesired black smoke formation, while errors in the parameters of the controller flow estimators are not as critical. This result is valuable because for a newly built engine a proper sensor setup is more straightforward to verify than to get the right parameters for the flow estimators.

Modeling And Control Of Egr On Marine Two Stroke Diesel Engines

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Author : Xavier Llamas
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2018

Modeling And Control Of Egr On Marine Two Stroke Diesel Engines written by Xavier Llamas and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with categories.

The international marine shipping industry is responsible for the transport of around 90% of the total world trade. Low-speed two-stroke diesel engines usually propel the largest trading ships. This engine type choice is mainly motivated by its high fuel efficiency and the capacity to burn cheap low-quality fuels. To reduce the marine freight impact on the environment, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has introduced stricter limits on the engine pollutant emissions. One of these new restrictions, named Tier III, sets the maximum NOx emissions permitted. New emission reduction technologies have to be developed to fulfill the Tier III limits on two-stroke engines since adjusting the engine combustion alone is not sufficient. There are several promising technologies to achieve the required NOx reductions, Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) is one of them. For automotive applications, EGR is a mature technology, and many of the research findings can be used directly in marine applications. However, there are some differences in marine two-stroke engines, which require further development to apply and control EGR. The number of available engines for testing EGR controllers on ships and test beds is low due to the recent introduction of EGR. Hence, engine simulation models are a good alternative for developing controllers, and many different engine loading scenarios can be simulated without the high costs of running real engine tests. The primary focus of this thesis is the development and validation of models for two-stroke marine engines with EGR. The modeling follows a Mean Value Engine Model (MVEM) approach, which has a low computational complexity and permits faster than real-time simulations suitable for controller testing. A parameterization process that deals with the low measurement data availability, compared to the available data on automotive engines, is also investigated and described. As a result, the proposed model is parameterized to two different two-stroke engines showing a good agreement with the measurements in both stationary and dynamic conditions. Several engine components have been developed. One of these is a new analytic in-cylinder pressure model that captures the influence of the injection and exhaust valve timings without increasing the simulation time. A new compressor model that can extrapolate to low speeds and pressure ratios in a physically sound way is also described. This compressor model is a requirement to be able to simulate low engine loads. Moreover, a novel parameterization algorithm is shown to handle well the model nonlinearities and to obtain a good model agreement with a large number of tested compressor maps. Furthermore, the engine model is complemented with dynamic models for ship and propeller to be able to simulate transient sailing scenarios, where good EGR controller performance is crucial. The model is used to identify the low load area as the most challenging for the controller performance, due to the slower engine air path dynamics. Further low load simulations indicate that sensor bias can be problematic and lead to an undesired black smoke formation, while errors in the parameters of the controller flow estimators are not as critical. This result is valuable because for a newly built engine a proper sensor setup is more straightforward to verify than to get the right parameters for the flow estimators.

Advanced Manufacturing Processes Ii

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Author : Volodymyr Tonkonogyi
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2021-02-04

Advanced Manufacturing Processes Ii written by Volodymyr Tonkonogyi and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-02-04 with Technology & Engineering categories.

This book offers a timely yet comprehensive snapshot of innovative research and developments at the interface between manufacturing, materials and mechanical engineering, and quality assurance. It covers a wide range of manufacturing processes, such as cutting, grinding, assembly, and coatings, including ultrasonic treatment, molding, radial-isostatic compression, ionic-plasma deposition, volumetric vibration treatment, and wear resistance. It also highlights the advantages of augmented reality, RFID technology, reverse engineering, optimization, heat and mass transfer, energy management, quality inspection, and environmental impact. Based on selected papers presented at the Grabchenko’s International Conference on Advanced Manufacturing Processes (InterPartner-2020), held in Odessa, Ukraine, on September 8–11, 2020, this book offers a timely overview and extensive information on trends and technologies in production planning, design engineering, advanced materials, machining processes, process engineering, and quality assurance. It is also intended to facilitate communication and collaboration between different groups working on similar topics and offer a bridge between academic and industrial researchers.

Design Modulation And Control Of Battery Integrated Modular Multilevel Converters For Automotive Applications

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Author : Arvind Balachandran
language : en
Publisher: Linköping University Electronic Press
Release Date : 2025-03-20

Design Modulation And Control Of Battery Integrated Modular Multilevel Converters For Automotive Applications written by Arvind Balachandran and has been published by Linköping University Electronic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2025-03-20 with categories.

A critical component of a battery electric vehicle (BEV) is the battery pack, which has many series- and parallel-connected electrochemical cells. The total power, energy delivered, and lifetime of the battery pack are limited by the weakest cell in the pack. Battery-integrated modular multilevel converters (BI-MMC) can overcome this limitation by increasing cell-level control. BI-MMCs have several series-connected DC-to-AC converters with a battery module having a few series- and parallel-connected cells called submodules (SM). The research in this thesis focuses on the design, modulation, and control of BI-MMCs. The efficiency and adaptability of five basic BI-MMC topologies with half-bridge and full-bridge SMs across three main system configurations are presented. Full-bridge topologies offer high efficiency, some even higher than the state-of- the-art SiC two-level inverter. However, adapting them to BEVs requires significant architectural modifications to the BEV’s electrical system. The half-bridge topologies require fewer architectural modifications for adaption into the BEVs. However, they have lower efficiency and require a larger number of SMs, which increases the cost. The efficiency is increased with six-phase system configurations but at the cost of more SMs than three-phase system configurations. Another aspect of adaptability is the DC charging capabilities of BI-MMCs. The maximum DC charging power of the BI-MMCs with the same SM semiconductor losses as during traction is derived, and results show that most BI-MMCs have a maximum DC charging power of about 1MW. Key design parameters that affect the efficiency and cost of BI-MMCs are identified. They are the number of series-connected cells in an SM, SM DC-link capacitor energy, and MOSFET switching frequency. BI-MMCs with five to seven series-connected cells per SM have the highest efficiency, at an average power of 100 kW and considering phase-shifted carrier-based modulation. Selecting the MOSFET switching frequency close to the resonant frequency of the SM DC-link capacitors and the SM battery modules decreases the total efficiency. Increasing or decreasing the MOSFET switching frequency increases the efficiency but affects the loss distribution between the SM DC-link capacitors and the SM battery modules. BI-MMCs with nearest level modulation (NLM) have higher efficiencies than phase-shifted carrier-based modulation and the SiC two-level inverter. However, using NLM with low-frequency sort-and-select inter-SM balancing methods (sNLM) results in an uneven distribution of battery losses among the SMs, which may impact the thermal design. Using NLM with cyclic submodule duty cycle rotation at the fundamental frequency gives higher efficiencies than sNLM and an even distribution of battery losses among the SMs. Reconstruction of converter reference signals with a higher sample frequency at the submodule level can be used to adapt distributed control architecture to BI-MMCs. The advantage is the low communication burden between the central and the SM control units. Furthermore, the accuracy of the SM battery currents (over one fundamental period) is improved, and the output distortion is low.

Diesel Engine Transient Operation

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Author : Constantine D. Rakopoulos
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2009-03-10

Diesel Engine Transient Operation written by Constantine D. Rakopoulos and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-03-10 with Technology & Engineering categories.

Traditionally, the study of internal combustion engines operation has focused on the steady-state performance. However, the daily driving schedule of automotive and truck engines is inherently related to unsteady conditions. In fact, only a very small portion of a vehicle’s operating pattern is true steady-state, e. g. , when cruising on a motorway. Moreover, the most critical conditions encountered by industrial or marine engines are met during transients too. Unfortunately, the transient operation of turbocharged diesel engines has been associated with slow acceleration rate, hence poor driveability, and overshoot in particulate, gaseous and noise emissions. Despite the relatively large number of published papers, this very important subject has been treated in the past scarcely and only segmentally as regards reference books. Merely two chapters, one in the book Turbocharging the Internal Combustion Engine by N. Watson and M. S. Janota (McMillan Press, 1982) and another one written by D. E. Winterbone in the book The Thermodynamics and Gas Dynamics of Internal Combustion Engines, Vol. II edited by J. H. Horlock and D. E. Winterbone (Clarendon Press, 1986) are dedicated to transient operation. Both books, now out of print, were published a long time ago. Then, it seems reasonable to try to expand on these pioneering works, taking into account the recent technological advances and particularly the global concern about environmental pollution, which has intensified the research on transient (diesel) engine operation, typically through the Transient Cycles certification of new vehicles.

Trajectory Planning For An Autonomous Vehicle In Multi Vehicle Traffic Scenarios

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Author : Mahdi Morsali
language : en
Publisher: Linköping University Electronic Press
Release Date : 2021-03-25

Trajectory Planning For An Autonomous Vehicle In Multi Vehicle Traffic Scenarios written by Mahdi Morsali and has been published by Linköping University Electronic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-03-25 with categories.

Tremendous industrial and academic progress and investments have been made in au-tonomous driving, but still many aspects are unknown and require further investigation,development and testing. A key part of an autonomous driving system is an efficient plan-ning algorithm with potential to reduce accidents, or even unpleasant and stressful drivingexperience. A higher degree of automated planning also makes it possible to have a betterenergy management strategy with improved performance through analysis of surroundingenvironment of autonomous vehicles and taking action in a timely manner. This thesis deals with planning of autonomous vehicles in different urban scenarios, road,and vehicle conditions. The main concerns in designing the planning algorithms, are realtime capability, safety and comfort. The planning algorithms developed in this thesis aretested in simulation traffic situations with multiple moving vehicles as obstacles. The re-search conducted in this thesis falls mainly into two parts, the first part investigates decou-pled trajectory planning algorithms with a focus on speed planning, and the second sectionexplores different coupled planning algorithms in spatiotemporal environments where pathand speed are calculated simultaneously. Additionally, a behavioral analysis is carried outto evaluate different tactical maneuvers the autonomous vehicle can have considering theinitial states of the ego and surrounding vehicles. Particularly relevant for heavy duty vehicles, the issues addressed in designing a safe speedplanner in the first part are road conditions such as banking, friction, road curvature andvehicle characteristics. The vehicle constraints on acceleration, jerk, steering, steer ratelimitations and other safety limitations such as rollover are further considerations in speedplanning algorithms. For real time purposes, a minimum working roll model is identified us-ing roll angle and lateral acceleration data collected in a heavy duty truck. In the decoupledplanners, collision avoiding is treated using a search and optimization based planner. In an autonomous vehicle, the structure of the road network is known to the vehicle throughmapping applications. Therefore, this key property can be used in planning algorithms toincrease efficiency. The second part of the thesis, is focused on handling moving obstaclesin a spatiotemporal environment and collision-free planning in complex urban structures.Spatiotemporal planning holds the benefits of exhaustive search and has advantages com-pared to decoupled planning, but the search space in spatiotemporal planning is complex.Support vector machine is used to simplify the search problem to make it more efficient.A SVM classifies the surrounding obstacles into two categories and efficiently calculate anobstacle free region for the ego vehicle. The formulation achieved by solving SVM, con-tains information about the initial point, destination, stationary and moving obstacles.These features, combined with smoothness property of the Gaussian kernel used in SVMformulation is proven to be able to solve complex planning missions in a safe way. Here, three algorithms are developed by taking advantages of SVM formulation, a greedysearch algorithm, an A* lattice based planner and a geometrical based planner. One general property used in all three algorithms is reduced search space through using SVM. In A*lattice based planner, significant improvement in calculation time, is achieved by using theinformation from SVM formulation to calculate a heuristic for planning. Using this heuristic,the planning algorithm treats a simple driving scenario and a complex urban structureequal, as the structure of the road network is included in SVM solution. Inspired byobserving significant improvements in calculation time using SVM heuristic and combiningthe collision information from SVM surfaces and smoothness property, a geometrical planneris proposed that leads to further improvements in calculation time. Realistic driving scenarios such as roundabouts, intersections and takeover maneuvers areused, to test the performance of the proposed algorithms in simulation. Different roadconditions with large banking, low friction and high curvature, and vehicles prone to safetyissues, specially rollover, are evaluated to calculate the speed profile limits. The trajectoriesachieved by the proposed algorithms are compared to profiles calculated by optimal controlsolutions.

Turbocharging The Internal Combustion Engine

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Author : N. Watson
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons Incorporated
Release Date : 1982

Turbocharging The Internal Combustion Engine written by N. Watson and has been published by John Wiley & Sons Incorporated this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1982 with Diesel motor categories.

Sustainable Development And Innovations In Marine Technologies

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Author : Selma Ergin
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2022-09-13

Sustainable Development And Innovations In Marine Technologies written by Selma Ergin and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-09-13 with Technology & Engineering categories.

Sustainable Development and Innovations in Marine Technologies includes the papers presented at the 19th International Congress of the International Association of the Mediterranean (IMAM 2022, Istanbul, Turkey, 26-29 September 2022), one of the major conferences in maritime industry. The Congress has a history of more than forty years since the first Congress was held in Istanbul in 1978. IMAM 2022 is the fourth congress hosted by Istanbul in its history. The IMAM congresses concentrate their activities in the thematic areas of Ship Building and Repair; Maritime Transportation and Logistics; Hydrodynamics, Marine Structures; Machinery and Control, Design and Materials; Marine Environment; Safety of Marine Systems; Decarbonisation and Digitalization; Off-shore and Coastal Development; Noise and Vibration; Defense and Security; Off-shore Renewable Energy. Sustainable Development and Innovations in Marine Technologies is essential reading for academics, engineers and all professionals involved in sustainable and innovative marine technologies.

Introduction To Modeling And Control Of Internal Combustion Engine Systems

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Author : L. Guzzella
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2004

Introduction To Modeling And Control Of Internal Combustion Engine Systems written by L. Guzzella and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004 with Technology categories.

Introduction.- Mean-Value Models.- Discrete Event Models.- Control of Engine Systems.

Robust Control Of Diesel Ship Propulsion

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Author : Nikolaos Xiros
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2002-06-14

Robust Control Of Diesel Ship Propulsion written by Nikolaos Xiros and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002-06-14 with Technology & Engineering categories.

Based on the author’s research and practical projects, he presents a broad view of the needs and problems of the shipping industry in this area. The book covers several models and control types, developing an integrated nonlinear state-space model of the marine propulsion system.