Modeling Of Complex Hydraulic Fractures In Naturally Fractured Formations
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Modeling Of Complex Hydraulic Fractures In Naturally Fractured Formations
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Author : Meng Cao (Ph. D.)
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2023
Modeling Of Complex Hydraulic Fractures In Naturally Fractured Formations written by Meng Cao (Ph. D.) and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023 with categories.
The formation of complex fracture networks with nonplanar and multistranded shapes, due to the interaction between hydraulic and natural fractures, has been indicated by cores, mine-back experiments, and multiple numerous fracture diagnostic techniques. Having a better understanding of the mechanisms and implications of creating complex fracture networks would be a big step in improving hydrocarbon recovery and geothermal energy in naturally fractured formations. This dissertation presents the development of an integrated fracturing- production/geothermal simulator that can simulate multiple fracture propagation in naturally fractured reservoirs. It provides a new model for the interaction between hydraulic and natural fractures, dynamically distributes fluid and partitions proppant among multiple perforation clusters, simulates fluid flow and heat transfer in the coupled fracture-matrix system in an efficient manner, and speeds up the numerical computation for large-scale problems. This integrated fracturing-production/geothermal simulator enables a very computationally efficient solution by combining the displacement discontinuity method (DDM) for fracture propagation with a general Green’s function solution for fluid flow and heat transfer from the matrix to the fracture since there is no need to discretize the matrix domain. The fracturing model solves stresses and fluid pressure in a fully coupled manner by using DDM for rock deformation and a finite volume method for fluid flow inside fractures. In addition, the fluid distribution and proppant partitioning among multiple perforation clusters are solved dynamically. The production/geothermal simulator computes pressure and temperature using a fully implicit method for the fracture network domain, and solves the reservoir domain by using a semi-analytical solution. A fast, adaptive integral method (AIM) is used to reduce the computational time significantly when solving for the displacement field in a large complex fracture network. The key to the fast Fourier transform (FFT)-based adaptive integral method is the fast matrix-vector multiplication algorithm. The large dense matrix is decomposed into far- field and near-field components. The far-field component is computed by using the uniformly spaced Cartesian grid, and this component provides the foundation to perform discrete fast Fourier transform. The sparse near-field component is calculated by using the grid for fracture elements. Based on the split of the dense matrix into far-field and near- field components, FFT is applied to accelerate the multiplication of matrix and vector since no dense matrices are used. Finally, the new model is applied to two separate field studies, the Hydraulic Fracturing Test Site #2 (HFTS #2) and the Utah Frontier Observatory for Research in Geothermal Energy (FORGE)
Hydraulic Fracture Modeling
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Author : Yu-Shu Wu
language : en
Publisher: Gulf Professional Publishing
Release Date : 2017-11-30
Hydraulic Fracture Modeling written by Yu-Shu Wu and has been published by Gulf Professional Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-11-30 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Hydraulic Fracture Modeling delivers all the pertinent technology and solutions in one product to become the go-to source for petroleum and reservoir engineers. Providing tools and approaches, this multi-contributed reference presents current and upcoming developments for modeling rock fracturing including their limitations and problem-solving applications. Fractures are common in oil and gas reservoir formations, and with the ongoing increase in development of unconventional reservoirs, more petroleum engineers today need to know the latest technology surrounding hydraulic fracturing technology such as fracture rock modeling. There is tremendous research in the area but not all located in one place. Covering two types of modeling technologies, various effective fracturing approaches and model applications for fracturing, the book equips today’s petroleum engineer with an all-inclusive product to characterize and optimize today’s more complex reservoirs. Offers understanding of the details surrounding fracturing and fracture modeling technology, including theories and quantitative methods Provides academic and practical perspective from multiple contributors at the forefront of hydraulic fracturing and rock mechanics Provides today’s petroleum engineer with model validation tools backed by real-world case studies
Analysis Of Hydraulic Fracture Propagation In Fractured Reservoirs
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Author : Arash Dahi Taleghani
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2009
Analysis Of Hydraulic Fracture Propagation In Fractured Reservoirs written by Arash Dahi Taleghani and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009 with Gas reservoirs categories.
Large volumes of natural gas exist in tight fissured reservoirs. Hydraulic fracturing is one of the main stimulating techniques to enhance recovery from these fractured reservoirs. Although hydraulic fracturing has been used for decades for the stimulation of tight gas reservoirs, a thorough understanding of the interaction between induced hydraulic fractures and natural fractures is still lacking. Recent examples of hydraulic fracture diagnostic data suggest complex, multi-stranded hydraulic fracture geometry is a common occurrence. The interaction between pre-existing natural fractures and the advancing hydraulic fracture is a key condition leading to complex fracture patterns. Large populations of natural fractures that exist in formations such as the Barnett shale are sealed by precipitated cements which could be quartz, calcite, etc. Even though there is no porosity in the sealed fractures, they may still serve as weak paths for fracture initiation and/or for diverting the path of the growing hydraulic fractures. Performing hydraulic fracture design calculations under these complex conditions requires modeling of fracture intersections and tracking fluid fronts in the network of reactivated fissures. In this dissertation, the effect of the cohesiveness of the sealed natural fractures and the intact rock toughness in hydraulic fracturing are studied. Accordingly, the role of the pre-existing fracture geometry is also investigated. The results provide some explanations for significant differences in hydraulic fracturing in naturally fractured reservoirs from non-fractured reservoirs. For the purpose of this research, an extended finite element method (XFEM) code is developed to simulate fracture propagation, initiation and intersection. The motivation behind applying XFEM are the desire to avoid remeshing in each step of the fracture propagation, being able to consider arbitrary varying geometry of natural fractures and the insensitivity of fracture propagation to mesh geometry. New modifications are introduced into XFEM to improve stress intensity factor calculations, including fracture intersection criteria into the model and improving accuracy of the solution in near crack tip regions. The presented coupled fluid flow-fracture mechanics simulations extend available modeling efforts and provide a unified framework for evaluating fracture design parameters and their consequences. Results demonstrate that fracture pattern complexity is strongly controlled by the magnitude of in situ stress anisotropy, the rock toughness, the natural fracture cement strength, and the approach angle of the hydraulic fracture to the natural fracture. Previous studies (mostly based on frictional fault stability analysis) have concentrated on predicting the onset of natural fracture failure. However, the use of fracture mechanics and XFEM makes it possible to evaluate the progression of fracture growth over time as fluid is diverted into the natural fractures. Analysis shows that the growing hydraulic fracture may exert enough tensile and/or shear stresses on cemented natural fractures that they may be opened or slip in advance of hydraulic fracture tip arrival, while under some conditions, natural fractures will be unaffected by the hydraulic fracture. A threshold is defined for the fracture energy of cements where, for cases below this threshold, hydraulic fractures divert into the natural fractures. The value of this threshold is calculated for different fracture set orientations. Finally, detailed pressure profile and aperture distributions at the intersection between fracture segments show the potential for difficulty in proppant transport under complex fracture propagation conditions. Whether a hydraulic fracture crosses or is arrested by a pre-existing natural fracture is controlled by shear strength and potential slippage at the fracture intersections, as well as potential debonding of sealed cracks in the near-tip region of a propagating hydraulic fracture. We introduce a new more general criterion for fracture propagation at the intersections. We present a complex hydraulic fracture pattern propagation model based on the Extended Finite Element Method as a design tool that can be used to optimize treatment parameters under complex propagation conditions.
Hydraulic Fracturing In Naturally Fractured Reservoirs And The Impact Of Geomechanics On Microseismicity
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Author : Himanshu Yadav
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011
Hydraulic Fracturing In Naturally Fractured Reservoirs And The Impact Of Geomechanics On Microseismicity written by Himanshu Yadav and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with categories.
Hydraulic fracturing in tight gas and shale gas reservoirs is an essential stimulation technique for production enhancement. Often, hydraulic fracturing induces fracture patterns that are more complex than the planar geometry that has been assumed in the past models. These complex patterns arise as a result of the presence of planes of weakness, faults and/or natural fractures. In this thesis, two different 3D geomechanical models have been developed to simulate the interaction between the hydraulic fracture and the natural fractures, and to observe the impact of geomechanics on the potential microseismicity in these naturally fractured formations. Several cases were studied to observe the effects of natural fracture geometry, fracturing treatment, mechanical properties of the sealed fractures, etc. on the propagation path of the hydraulic fracture in these formations, and were found to be consistent with past experimental results. Moreover, the effects of several parameters including cohesiveness of the sealed natural fractures, mechanical properties of the formation, treatment parameters, etc. have been studied from the potential microseismicity standpoint. It is shown that the impact of geomechanics on potential microseismicity is significant and can influence the desired fracture spacing. In this thesis, the presented model quantifies the extent of potential microseismic volume (MSV) resulting from hydraulic fracturing in unconventional reservoirs. The model accounts for random geometries of the weak planes (with different dip and strike) observed in the field. The work presented here shows, for the first time, a fracture treatment can be designed to maximize the MSV, when the fractures form a complicated network of fractures, and in turn influence the desired fracture spacing in horizontal wells. Our work shows that by adjusting the fluid rheology and other treatment parameters, the spatial extent of MSV and the desired fracture spacing can be optimized for a given set of shale properties.
Hydraulic Fracture Modeling In Naturally Fractured Reservoirs
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Author : Kaustubh Shrivastava
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019
Hydraulic Fracture Modeling In Naturally Fractured Reservoirs written by Kaustubh Shrivastava and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with categories.
Hydraulic fracturing of horizontal wells is one of the key technological breakthroughs that has led to the shale revolution. Hydraulic fracturing models are used to engineer hydraulic fracture design and optimize production. Typically, hydraulic fracturing models treat hydraulic fractures as planar, bi-wing fractures. However, recent core-through investigations have suggested that during hydraulic fracturing in naturally fractured reservoirs, complex hydraulic fracture geometries can be created due to the interaction of the growing hydraulic fracture with natural fractures. This limits the application of planar fracture models for optimizing hydraulic fracturing design in naturally fractured reservoirs. In this research, we present a novel three-dimensional displacement discontinuity method based hydraulic fracturing simulator that allows us to model hydraulic fracture growth in the presence of natural fractures along with proppant transport in an efficient manner. The model developed in this dissertation is used to investigate the interaction of a hydraulic fracture with natural fractures and study the transport of proppant in the resulting complex fracture networks. This investigation gives us novel insight into the influence of fracture geometry and stress interference on the final distribution of proppant in fracture networks. Based on this investigation, suggestions are made to improve proppant transport in complex fracture networks. In order to correctly capture the effect of natural fractures on fracture growth, knowledge about the distribution of natural fractures in the reservoir is imperative. Typically, little is known about the in-situ natural fracture distribution, as direct observation of the reservoir is not possible. A novel technique of synthetic coring is developed to create a discrete fracture network (DFN) from core data, and it is used to create a DFN based on the Hydraulic Fracturing Test Site #1 data. Hydraulic fracture propagation is modeled in the created DFN, and the results are compared with field observations. As the reservoir may contain thousands of natural fractures, simulations in a realistic DFN can be computationally very expensive. In order to reduce the computational requirements of the simulator, we present a novel predictor step based on the local linearization method that provides a better initial guess for solving the fluid-solid interaction problem. This is shown to reduce computational time significantly. A novel technique, Extended Adaptive Integral Method, to speed up the simulator is developed. The method uses an effective medium to represent the interaction between displacement discontinuity elements and reduces the order of complexity of solving the geomechanical system of equations from O(N2) to O(NlogN). The novel formulation of this method is presented, and sensitivity studies are conducted to show the improvement in computational efficiency
Fracture Propagation In Naturally Fractured Reservoirs
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Author : Hunjoo Peter Lee
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
Fracture Propagation In Naturally Fractured Reservoirs written by Hunjoo Peter Lee and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with categories.
Investigations of hydrocarbons in tight formations require understanding of hydraulic fracturing in order to optimize the production and recovery of oil and natural gas. The classic description of hydraulic fracture is a single bi-wing planar feature, however, field observations show that hydraulic fracture growth in naturally fractured formations like shale is complex. Lack of knowledge concerning the remote stress impact and the interaction with planes of weakness on a fracture propagation trajectory leads to inaccurate predictions of the fracture geometry and the surface area required for the production estimation. Most studies in engineering mechanics extended the standard mixed-mode fracture propagation models, based on the near tip approximations, to include the impact of the tensile crack-parallel stress on the fracture propagation path. However, for fractures in the subsurface, the remote stress is compression, and internal fluid pressure or frictional stress become important in the near-tip stress field and the propagation trajectory. The Modified Maximum Tangential Principal Stress criterion (MMTPS-criterion) was introduced to address and evaluate the remote and internal crack stresses in the propagation path. The predictions of the fracture propagation angles by the MMTPS-criterion agreed with published experimental results of fractures propagating under both tensile and compressive external loads. In addition, the predictions matched well with uniaxial compression tests on hydrostone samples with the critical radial distance, defined by the process zone size, for open fractures that satisfy the Small Scale Yielding conditions. For short open fractures, a larger critical radial distance was required to correspond with the experimental results. The MMTPS-criterion was also capable of predicting lower propagation angles for closed cracks with higher friction coefficients. Preexisting discontinuities in shale, including natural fractures and bedding, act as planes of weakness that divert fracture propagation. To investigate the influences of weak planes on hydraulic fracture propagation, I performed Semi-Circular Bend (SCB) tests on Marcellus shale core samples containing calcite-filled natural fractures (veins). The approach angle of the induced fracture to the veins and the thickness of the veins had a strong influence on propagation. As the apprach angle became more oblique to the induced fracture plane, and as the vein got thicker, the induced fracture was more likely to divert into the vein. Microstructural analysis of tested samples showed that the induced fracture propagated in the middle of the vein rahter than the interface between vein and the rock matrix. Cleavage planes and fluid inclusion trails in the vein cements exerted some control on the fracture path. By combining the experimental results with theoretical fracture-mechanics arguments, the fracture toughness of the calcite veins was estimated to range from 0.99 MPa [square root of m] to 1.14 MPa [square root of m], depending on the value used for the Young's modulus of the calcite vein material. Measured fracture toughness of unfractured Marcellus shale was 0.64 MPa [square root of m]. A Discrete Element Method (DEM) based numerical modeling software, Particle Flow Code in three-dimensions (PFC3D), was utilized to reproduce and analyze the experimental results of Marcellus shale samples. The trend of numerical results correlated with the interaction feature of the experimental results for various approach angel and thickness (i.e., aperture) of the vein. Further sensitivity analysis on vein properties indicated that veins with lower stranght and higher stiffness contribute to more fracture diversion than veins with higher strenght and lower stiffness. Additionally, parallel bond breakages in the model show that microcracks were generated inside the vein before the induced fracture encountered the vein especially for the veins with higher stiffnesses when compared to the rock matrix. Most of the bond failure mode inside the vein and the induced fracture was tensile rather that shear mode.
Mechanics Of Hydraulic Fracturing
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Author : Xin-rong Zhang
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2023-01-05
Mechanics Of Hydraulic Fracturing written by Xin-rong Zhang and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-01-05 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Mechanics of Hydraulic Fracturing Comprehensive single-volume reference work providing an overview of experimental results and predictive methods for hydraulic fracture growth in rocks Mechanics of Hydraulic Fracturing: Experiment, Model, and Monitoring provides a summary of the research in mechanics of hydraulic fractures during the past two decades, plus new research trends to look for in the future. The book covers the contributions from theory, modeling, and experimentation, including the application of models to reservoir stimulation, mining preconditioning, and the formation of geological structures. The four expert editors emphasize the variety of diverse methods and tools in hydraulic fracturing and help the reader understand hydraulic fracture mechanics in complex geological situations. To aid in reader comprehension, practical examples of new approaches and methods are presented throughout the book. Key topics covered in the book include: Prediction of fracture shapes, sizes, and distributions in sedimentary basins, plus their importance in petroleum industry Real-time monitoring methods, such as micro-seismicity and trace tracking How to uncover geometries of fractures like dikes and veins Fracture growth of individual foundations and its applications Researchers and professionals working in the field of fluid-driven fracture growth will find immense value in this comprehensive reference on hydraulic fracturing mechanics.
Mechanics Of Hydraulic Fracturing
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Author : Ching H. Yew
language : en
Publisher: Gulf Professional Publishing
Release Date : 2014-09-25
Mechanics Of Hydraulic Fracturing written by Ching H. Yew and has been published by Gulf Professional Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-09-25 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Revised to include current components considered for today’s unconventional and multi-fracture grids, Mechanics of Hydraulic Fracturing, Second Edition explains one of the most important features for fracture design — the ability to predict the geometry and characteristics of the hydraulically induced fracture. With two-thirds of the world’s oil and natural gas reserves committed to unconventional resources, hydraulic fracturing is the best proven well stimulation method to extract these resources from their more remote and complex reservoirs. However, few hydraulic fracture models can properly simulate more complex fractures. Engineers and well designers must understand the underlying mechanics of how fractures are modeled in order to correctly predict and forecast a more advanced fracture network. Updated to accommodate today’s fracturing jobs, Mechanics of Hydraulic Fracturing, Second Edition enables the engineer to: Understand complex fracture networks to maximize completion strategies Recognize and compute stress shadow, which can drastically affect fracture network patterns Optimize completions by properly modeling and more accurately predicting for today’s hydraulic fracturing completions Discusses the underlying mechanics of creating a fracture from the wellbore Enhanced to include newer modeling components such as stress shadow and interaction of hydraulic fracture with a natural fracture, which aids in more complex fracture networks Updated experimental studies that apply to today’s unconventional fracturing cases
Hydraulic Fracturing And Rock Mechanics
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Author : Yu Zhao
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2023-06-21
Hydraulic Fracturing And Rock Mechanics written by Yu Zhao and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-06-21 with Science categories.
This open access book is the first to consider the effect of non-uniform fluid pressure in hydraulic fractures. The book covers the key topics in the process of hydraulic fracture nucleation, growth, interaction and fracture network formation. Laboratory experiments and theoretical modeling are combined to elucidate the formation mechanism of complex fracture networks. This book is suitable for master’s/Ph.D. students, scientists and engineers majoring in rock mechanics and petroleum engineering who need to use a more reliable model to predict fracture behavior.
Numerical Simulation In Hydraulic Fracturing Multiphysics Theory And Applications
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Author : Xinpu Shen
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2017-03-27
Numerical Simulation In Hydraulic Fracturing Multiphysics Theory And Applications written by Xinpu Shen and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-03-27 with Science categories.
The expansion of unconventional petroleum resources in the recent decade and the rapid development of computational technology have provided the opportunity to develop and apply 3D numerical modeling technology to simulate the hydraulic fracturing of shale and tight sand formations. This book presents 3D numerical modeling technologies for hydraulic fracturing developed in recent years, and introduces solutions to various 3D geomechanical problems related to hydraulic fracturing. In the solution processes of the case studies included in the book, fully coupled multi-physics modeling has been adopted, along with innovative computational techniques, such as submodeling. In practice, hydraulic fracturing is an essential project component in shale gas/oil development and tight sand oil, and provides an essential measure in the process of drilling cuttings reinjection (CRI). It is also an essential measure for widened mud weight window (MWW) when drilling through naturally fractured formations; the process of hydraulic plugging is a typical application of hydraulic fracturing. 3D modeling and numerical analysis of hydraulic fracturing is essential for the successful development of tight oil/gas formations: it provides accurate solutions for optimized stage intervals in a multistage fracking job. It also provides optimized well-spacing for the design of zipper-frac wells. Numerical estimation of casing integrity under stimulation injection in the hydraulic fracturing process is one of major concerns in the successful development of unconventional resources. This topic is also investigated numerically in this book. Numerical solutions to several other typical geomechanics problems related to hydraulic fracturing, such as fluid migration caused by fault reactivation and seismic activities, are also presented. This book can be used as a reference textbook to petroleum, geotechnical and geothermal engineers, to senior undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate students, and to geologists, hydrogeologists, geophysicists and applied mathematicians working in this field. This book is also a synthetic compendium of both the fundamentals and some of the most advanced aspects of hydraulic fracturing technology.