Modelling The Individual
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Individual Based Models Of Cultural Evolution
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Author : Alberto Acerbi
language : en
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Release Date : 2022-07-05
Individual Based Models Of Cultural Evolution written by Alberto Acerbi and has been published by Taylor & Francis this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-07-05 with Psychology categories.
Individual-Based Models of Cultural Evolution shows readers how to create individual-based models of cultural evolution using the programming language R. The field of cultural evolution has emerged in the last few decades as a thriving, interdisciplinary effort to understand cultural change and cultural diversity within an evolutionary framework and using evolutionary tools, concepts, and methods. Given its roots in evolutionary biology, much of cultural evolution is grounded in, or inspired by, formal models. Yet many researchers interested in cultural evolution come from backgrounds that lack training in formal modelling, such as psychology, anthropology or archaeology. This book addresses that gap. It provides example code in R for readers to run their own models, moving from very simple models of the basic processes of cultural evolution, such as biased transmission and cultural mutation, to more advanced topics such as the evolution of social learning, demographic effects, and social network analysis. Features of this book: Recreates existing models in the literature to show how these were created and to enable readers to have a better understanding of their significance and how to apply them to their own research questions Provides full R code to realize models and analyse and plot outputs, with line-by-line analysis Requires no previous knowledge of the field of cultural evolution, and only very basic programming knowledge This is an essential resource for researchers and students interested in cultural evolution, including disciplines such as psychology, anthropology, archaeology, and biology as well as sociology and digital humanities.
Individual Based Modeling And Ecology
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Author : Volker Grimm
language : en
Publisher: Princeton University Press
Release Date : 2013-11-28
Individual Based Modeling And Ecology written by Volker Grimm and has been published by Princeton University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-11-28 with Science categories.
Individual-based models are an exciting and widely used new tool for ecology. These computational models allow scientists to explore the mechanisms through which population and ecosystem ecology arises from how individuals interact with each other and their environment. This book provides the first in-depth treatment of individual-based modeling and its use to develop theoretical understanding of how ecological systems work, an approach the authors call "individual-based ecology.? Grimm and Railsback start with a general primer on modeling: how to design models that are as simple as possible while still allowing specific problems to be solved, and how to move efficiently through a cycle of pattern-oriented model design, implementation, and analysis. Next, they address the problems of theory and conceptual framework for individual-based ecology: What is "theory"? That is, how do we develop reusable models of how system dynamics arise from characteristics of individuals? What conceptual framework do we use when the classical differential equation framework no longer applies? An extensive review illustrates the ecological problems that have been addressed with individual-based models. The authors then identify how the mechanics of building and using individual-based models differ from those of traditional science, and provide guidance on formulating, programming, and analyzing models. This book will be helpful to ecologists interested in modeling, and to other scientists interested in agent-based modeling.
The Individual Microbe Single Cell Analysis And Agent Based Modelling
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Author : Johan H. J. Leveau
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2019-02-19
The Individual Microbe Single Cell Analysis And Agent Based Modelling written by Johan H. J. Leveau and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-02-19 with categories.
Recent technological advances in single-cell microbiology, using flow cytometry, microfluidics, x-ray fluorescence microprobes, and single-cell -omics, allow for the observation of individuals within populations. Simultaneously, individual-based models (or more generally agent-based models) allow for individual microbes to be simulated. Bridging these techniques forms the foundation of individual-based ecology of microbes (µIBE). µIBE has elucidated genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity that has important consequences for a number of human interests, including antibiotic or biocide resistance, the productivity and stability of industrial fermentations, the efficacy of food preservatives, and the potential of pathogens to cause disease. Individual-based models can help us to understand how these sets of traits of individual microbes influence the above. This eBook compiles all publications from a recent Research Topic in Frontiers in Microbiology. It features recent research where individual observational and/or modelling techniques are applied to gain unique insights into the ecology of microorganisms. The Research Topic “The Individual Microbe: Single-Cell Analysis and Agent-Based Modelling” arose from the 2016 @ASM conference of the same name hosted by the American Society for Microbiology at its headquarters in Washington, D.C. We are grateful to ASM for funding and hosting this conference.
Individual Based Models And Approaches In Ecology
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Author : D. L. DeAngelis
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2018-01-18
Individual Based Models And Approaches In Ecology written by D. L. DeAngelis and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-01-18 with Mathematics categories.
Until fairly recently, populations were handled as homogenized averages, which made modeling feasible but which ignored the essential fact that in any population there is a great variety of individuals of different ages, sizes, and degrees of fitness. Recently, because of the increased availability of affordable computer power, approaches have been developed which are able to recognize individual differences. Individual-based models are of great use in the areas of aquatic ecology, terrestrial ecology, landscape or physiological ecology, terrestrial ecology, landscape or physiological ecology, and agriculture. This book discusses which biological problems individual-based models can solve, as well as the models' inherent limitations. It explores likely future directions of theoretical development in these models, as well as currently feasible management applications and the best mathematical approaches and computer languages to use. The book also details specific applications to theory and management.
Modelling Norms
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Author : Corinna Elsenbroich
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-07-05
Modelling Norms written by Corinna Elsenbroich and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-07-05 with Social Science categories.
The book focusses on questions of individual and collective action, the emergence and dynamics of social norms and the feedback between individual behaviour and social phenomena. It discusses traditional modelling approaches to social norms and shows the usefulness of agent-based modelling for the study of these micro-macro interactions. Existing agent-based models of social norms are discussed and it is shown that so far too much priority has been given to parsimonious models and questions of the emergence of norms, with many aspects of social norms, such as norm-change, not being modelled. Juvenile delinquency, group radicalisation and moral decision making are used as case studies for agent-based models of collective action extending existing models by providing an embedding into social networks, social influence via argumentation and a causal action theory of moral decision making. The major contribution of the book is to highlight the multifaceted nature of the dynamics of social norms, consisting not only of emergence, and the importance of embedding of agent-based models into existing theory.
Interpretable Machine Learning
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Author : Christoph Molnar
language : en
Publisher: Lulu.com
Release Date : 2020
Interpretable Machine Learning written by Christoph Molnar and has been published by Lulu.com this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020 with Computers categories.
This book is about making machine learning models and their decisions interpretable. After exploring the concepts of interpretability, you will learn about simple, interpretable models such as decision trees, decision rules and linear regression. Later chapters focus on general model-agnostic methods for interpreting black box models like feature importance and accumulated local effects and explaining individual predictions with Shapley values and LIME. All interpretation methods are explained in depth and discussed critically. How do they work under the hood? What are their strengths and weaknesses? How can their outputs be interpreted? This book will enable you to select and correctly apply the interpretation method that is most suitable for your machine learning project.
Individual Based Models And Their Limits
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Author : Ryszard Rudnicki
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2024-11-01
Individual Based Models And Their Limits written by Ryszard Rudnicki and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-11-01 with Mathematics categories.
Individual-based models (IBM) describe a population as a collection of different organisms whose local interactions determine the behaviour of the entire population. The individual description is convenient for computer simulations and the determination of various model parameters, and appropriate limit passages lead to the transport equations used in classical population dynamics models. The aim of this book is to provide a brief mathematical introduction to IBMs and their application to selected biological topics. The book is divided into seven chapters. In the first chapter we give a general description of IBMs and we present examples of models to illustrate their possible applications. Examples of applications include age, size and phenotype models, coagulation-fragmentation process, and models of genome evolution. The second chapter contains some theoretical results concerning limit passages from IBMs to phenotype and age-structured models. The rate of this convergence formulated as functional central limit theorems is presented in Chapter 3. As a result of the limit passage can be a superprocess, i.e., a stochastic process with values in a space of measures. Chapter 4 presented examples of such passages: from the branching Brownian motion to the Dawson--Watanabe superprocess and from the Moran's model of genetic drift with mutations to the Fleming--Viot superprocess. The next three chapters are devoted to models, in which we directly participated in the study. In Chapter 5 we study IBMs phenotype models and their limit passages. We show that random mating stabilises the distribution of traits, while assortative mating can lead to a polymorphic population. Formation of aggregates of phytoplankton and their movement is studied in Chapter 6. We present two types of models based on: fragmentation-coagulation processes; and diffusion with chemical signals leading to advanced superprocesses. Chapter 7 is devoted to rather advanced models with chemotaxis used to description of retinal angiogenesis and cell proliferations. The book is complemented by two appendices in which we have collected information about stochastic processes and various spaces we have used. The book is dedicated both to mathematicians and biologists. The first group will find here new biological models which leads to interesting and often new mathematical questions. Biologists can observe how to include seemingly different biological processes into a unified mathematical theory and deduce from this theory interesting biological conclusions. Apart from the sections on superprocesses, where quite advanced mathematical issues arise, such as stochastic partial equations, we try to keep the required mathematical and biological background to a minimum so that the topics are accessible to students.
Discrete Choice Methods With Simulation
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Author : Kenneth Train
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2009-07-06
Discrete Choice Methods With Simulation written by Kenneth Train and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-07-06 with Business & Economics categories.
This book describes the new generation of discrete choice methods, focusing on the many advances that are made possible by simulation. Researchers use these statistical methods to examine the choices that consumers, households, firms, and other agents make. Each of the major models is covered: logit, generalized extreme value, or GEV (including nested and cross-nested logits), probit, and mixed logit, plus a variety of specifications that build on these basics. Simulation-assisted estimation procedures are investigated and compared, including maximum stimulated likelihood, method of simulated moments, and method of simulated scores. Procedures for drawing from densities are described, including variance reduction techniques such as anithetics and Halton draws. Recent advances in Bayesian procedures are explored, including the use of the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm and its variant Gibbs sampling. The second edition adds chapters on endogeneity and expectation-maximization (EM) algorithms. No other book incorporates all these fields, which have arisen in the past 25 years. The procedures are applicable in many fields, including energy, transportation, environmental studies, health, labor, and marketing.
Single Cell Based Models In Biology And Medicine
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Author : Alexander Anderson
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2007-08-07
Single Cell Based Models In Biology And Medicine written by Alexander Anderson and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-08-07 with Mathematics categories.
Many different single-cell-based models have been developed and applied to biological and medical problems. Computational approaches used are Monte-Carlo simulations, energy minimisation techniques, volume conservation laws, solutions of the equations of motion for each individual cell or for each point on the cell membrane. They differ in the level of detail that defines the cell structure and subsequently in the number of individual cells that the model can incorporate. This volume presents a collection of mathematical and computational single-cell-based models and their application. The main sections cover four general model groupings: hybrid cellular automata, cellular potts, lattice-free cells, and viscoelastic cells. Each section is introduced by a discussion of the applicability of the particular modelling approach and its advantages and disadvantages, which will make the book suitable for students starting research in mathematical biology as well as scientists modelling multicellular processes.
Temporal Modelling Of Customer Behaviour
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Author : Ling Luo
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2019-04-27
Temporal Modelling Of Customer Behaviour written by Ling Luo and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-04-27 with Computers categories.
This book describes advanced machine learning models – such as temporal collaborative filtering, stochastic models and Bayesian nonparametrics – for analysing customer behaviour. It shows how they are used to track changes in customer behaviour, monitor the evolution of customer groups, and detect various factors, such as seasonal effects and preference drifts, that may influence customers’ purchasing behaviour. In addition, the book presents four case studies conducted with data from a supermarket health program in which the customers were segmented and the impact of promotional activities on different segments was evaluated. The outcomes confirm that the models developed here can be used to effectively analyse dynamic behaviour and increase customer engagement. Importantly, the methods introduced here can also be used to analyse other types of behavioural data such as activities on social networks, and educational systems.