Modulation Of The Blood Brain Barrier During Hypertension Development
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Modulation Of The Blood Brain Barrier During Hypertension Development
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Author : Sharon Hom
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2006
Modulation Of The Blood Brain Barrier During Hypertension Development written by Sharon Hom and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with categories.
Hypertension is involved in the exacerbation of stroke. Increased blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and cerebral edema formation are potentially lethal complications of cerebral infarction. It is unclear how BBB tight junction (TJ), ion transporter, and protein kinase C (PKC) signaling pathway proteins critical for maintaining brain homeostasis contribute to cerebral infarction during hypertension development. The hypothesis of this study is that hypertension leads to molecular changes in the BBB which predispose the brain to increased cerebral infarct damage following ischemic stroke. Studies were undertaken to investigate the effect of hypertension development on (1) physiological parameters of the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) and on the expression levels of BBB TJ, ion transporter, and PKC proteins potentially involved in ischemia-induced infarct damage; (2) ischemia-induced infarct volume following permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO); and (3) the effect of inhibition of Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 1 (NHE-1) on ischemia-induced infarct volume following permanent MCAO in hypertensive SHR (15 weeks). Early hypertension development was determined in SHR and compared to normotensive, age-matched Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats at 5 (pre-hypertension), 10 (early stage hypertension), and 15 (later stage hypertension) weeks of age. Characterization of BBB TJ and ion transporter proteins known to contribute to edema and fluid volume changes in the brain show differential protein expression patterns during hypertension development. Western blot analysis of TJ zonula occludens-2 (ZO-2) showed decreased expression while ion transporter, NHE-1 was markedly increased in hypertensive SHR (15 weeks) compared to age-matched controls. Hypertensive SHR (10 and 15 weeks) showed greatly increased necrotic volume with impaired neurological deficits and edema formation. Increased NHE-1 expression in hypertensive SHR (15 week) suggests a potential role for this ion transporter in the promotion of ischemic brain injury. Selective inhibition of NHE-1 using 5-(N, N-Dimethyl)amiloride (DMA) showed significant attenuation in ischemia-induced infarct volume in hypertensive SHR following MCAO. These data suggest a novel role for NHE-1 at the BBB/neurovascular unit in the regulation of ischemia-induced infarct volume in hypertensive SHR suggesting that modulation of NHE-1 may be a factor important in the potentiation of MCAO infarct size and a novel therapeutic target in the prevention of ischemic stroke.
Blood Brain Barrier
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Author : David Kobiler
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2012-11-05
Blood Brain Barrier written by David Kobiler and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-11-05 with Medical categories.
The vasculature of the central nervous system (eNS) is characterized by the existence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which can be regarded as both an anatomical and physiological phenomenon. The BBB is formed by a complex cellular system of endothelial cells, astroglia, pericytes, perivascular macrophages and a basal membrane, although the anatomic substrate of the BBB is the interendothelial tight junctions that form a continuous sealing. The BBB serves as an exquisitely controlled, functional gate to the eNS. It not only protects the brain from agents in the blood that could impair neurological function, but also controls the influx and efflux of numerous substances to maintain proper homeostasis and provide the brain with necessary nutrients. The structural and functional integrity of the BBB was shown to be dramatically altered during various diseases of the eNS, including neoplasia, ischemia, trauma, hypertension, inflammation and epilepsy. Recent years research has partially elucidated the mechanisms underlying the development of some of these brain disorders as well as the pathways used by different pathogens, like bacteria and viruses, to initiate eNS infections. The development of in vitro models of the BBB had instrumental role in the understanding of the involvement of the BBB in the pathogenesis of several eNS diseases. The intimate, functional association between the function of the brain and the activity of the BBB makes the later a target for pharmacological modulation that will expand the therapeutic possibilities for a range of neurological diseases.
Cerebral Hemorrhage
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Author : Liang-Fu Zhou
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2009-02-27
Cerebral Hemorrhage written by Liang-Fu Zhou and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-02-27 with Medical categories.
Cerebral hemorrhage is a common and often fatal subtype of stroke. while in the past it has received relatively little attention compared to ischemic stroke, there have been major advances in our understanding of this devastating form of stroke. The papers by world experts cover the field from molecular biology to clinical trials.
The Neurology Of Aids
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Author : Howard E. Gendelman, MD
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2011-11-29
The Neurology Of Aids written by Howard E. Gendelman, MD and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-11-29 with Medical categories.
From basic science to clinical care, to epidemiological disease patters, The Neurology of AIDS is the only complete textbook available on AIDS neurology and the only one comprehensive enough to stand alone in each segment of study in brain disorders affected by the human immunodeficiency virus. It is an indispensable resource for students, resident physicians, practicing physicians, and for researchers and experts in the HIV/AIDS field. Oxford Clinical Neuroscience is a comprehensive, cross-searchable collection of resources offering quick and easy access to eleven of Oxford University Press's prestigious neuroscience texts. Joining Oxford Medicine Online these resources offer students, specialists and clinical researchers the best quality content in an easy-to-access format.
The Cerebral Circulation
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Author : Marilyn J. Cipolla
language : en
Publisher: Biota Publishing
Release Date : 2016-07-28
The Cerebral Circulation written by Marilyn J. Cipolla and has been published by Biota Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-07-28 with Medical categories.
This e-book will review special features of the cerebral circulation and how they contribute to the physiology of the brain. It describes structural and functional properties of the cerebral circulation that are unique to the brain, an organ with high metabolic demands and the need for tight water and ion homeostasis. Autoregulation is pronounced in the brain, with myogenic, metabolic and neurogenic mechanisms contributing to maintain relatively constant blood flow during both increases and decreases in pressure. In addition, unlike peripheral organs where the majority of vascular resistance resides in small arteries and arterioles, large extracranial and intracranial arteries contribute significantly to vascular resistance in the brain. The prominent role of large arteries in cerebrovascular resistance helps maintain blood flow and protect downstream vessels during changes in perfusion pressure. The cerebral endothelium is also unique in that its barrier properties are in some way more like epithelium than endothelium in the periphery. The cerebral endothelium, known as the blood-brain barrier, has specialized tight junctions that do not allow ions to pass freely and has very low hydraulic conductivity and transcellular transport. This special configuration modifies Starling's forces in the brain microcirculation such that ions retained in the vascular lumen oppose water movement due to hydrostatic pressure. Tight water regulation is necessary in the brain because it has limited capacity for expansion within the skull. Increased intracranial pressure due to vasogenic edema can cause severe neurologic complications and death.
Connectivity And Functional Specialization In The Brain
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Author : Thomas Heinbockel
language : en
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
Release Date : 2021-06-02
Connectivity And Functional Specialization In The Brain written by Thomas Heinbockel and has been published by BoD – Books on Demand this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-06-02 with Medical categories.
‘Connectivity and Functional Specialization in the Brain’ is a topic that describes nerve cells in terms of their anatomical and functional connections. The term connectome refers to a comprehensive map of neural connections, like a wiring diagram of an organism’s nervous system. Connectomics, the study of connectomes, can be applied to individual neurons and their synaptic connections, as well as to connections between neuronal populations or to functional and structural connectivity of different brain regions. This book addresses neural connectivity at these various scales in health and disease. The chapters review novel findings related to neuroanatomy and cell biology, neurophysiology, neural plasticity, changes of connectivity in neurological disorders, and sensory system connectivity. The book provides the reader with an overview of the current state-of-the-art of research of neural connectivity and focuses on the most important evidence-based developments in this area. Individual chapters focus on recent advances in specific areas of neural connectivity and in different brain regions. All chapters represent recent contributions to the rapidly developing field of neural connectivity.
Blood Spinal Cord And Brain Barriers In Health And Disease
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Author : Hari Shanker Sharma
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2003-12-21
Blood Spinal Cord And Brain Barriers In Health And Disease written by Hari Shanker Sharma and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003-12-21 with Medical categories.
Recent research into the anatomy and pathophysiology of the blood-brain and blood-spinal cord barriers suggests that a breakdown in these barriers can result in several diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS). This book presents new findings in the area of blood-brain barrier research that suggest barriers play important roles in health and disease conditions. It also discusses the development of new drugs that can modulate the barrier function in the CNS and may provide new approaches to treating neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and other motor neuron diseases, as well as spinal cord trauma. Key Features * Presents the recent progress made in the research on the blood-brain and spinal cord barrier * Contains numerous illustrations of light and electron micrographs * Includes Foreword written by two eminent researchers in the field, Milton Brightman and Jorge Cervos-Navarro
The Blood Brain Barrier Bbb
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Author : Gert Fricker
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2014-10-24
The Blood Brain Barrier Bbb written by Gert Fricker and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-10-24 with Science categories.
Medicinal chemistry is both science and art. The science of medicinal chemistry offers mankind one of its best hopes for improving the quality of life. The art of medicinal chemistry continues to challenge its practitioners with the need for both intuition and experience to discover new drugs. Hence sharing the experience of drug research is uniquely beneficial to the field of medicinal chemistry. Drug research requires interdisciplinary team-work at the interface between chemistry, biology and medicine. Therefore, the topic-related series Topics in Medicinal Chemistry covers all relevant aspects of drug research, e.g. pathobiochemistry of diseases, identification and validation of (emerging) drug targets, structural biology, drugability of targets, drug design approaches, chemogenomics, synthetic chemistry including combinatorial methods, bioorganic chemistry, natural compounds, high-throughput screening, pharmacological in vitro and in vivo investigations, drug-receptor interactions on the molecular level, structure-activity relationships, drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination, toxicology and pharmacogenomics. In general, special volumes are edited by well known guest editors.
Magnesium In The Central Nervous System
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Author : Robert Vink
language : en
Publisher: University of Adelaide Press
Release Date : 2011
Magnesium In The Central Nervous System written by Robert Vink and has been published by University of Adelaide Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with Medical categories.
The brain is the most complex organ in our body. Indeed, it is perhaps the most complex structure we have ever encountered in nature. Both structurally and functionally, there are many peculiarities that differentiate the brain from all other organs. The brain is our connection to the world around us and by governing nervous system and higher function, any disturbance induces severe neurological and psychiatric disorders that can have a devastating effect on quality of life. Our understanding of the physiology and biochemistry of the brain has improved dramatically in the last two decades. In particular, the critical role of cations, including magnesium, has become evident, even if incompletely understood at a mechanistic level. The exact role and regulation of magnesium, in particular, remains elusive, largely because intracellular levels are so difficult to routinely quantify. Nonetheless, the importance of magnesium to normal central nervous system activity is self-evident given the complicated homeostatic mechanisms that maintain the concentration of this cation within strict limits essential for normal physiology and metabolism. There is also considerable accumulating evidence to suggest alterations to some brain functions in both normal and pathological conditions may be linked to alterations in local magnesium concentration. This book, containing chapters written by some of the foremost experts in the field of magnesium research, brings together the latest in experimental and clinical magnesium research as it relates to the central nervous system. It offers a complete and updated view of magnesiums involvement in central nervous system function and in so doing, brings together two main pillars of contemporary neuroscience research, namely providing an explanation for the molecular mechanisms involved in brain function, and emphasizing the connections between the molecular changes and behavior. It is the untiring efforts of those magnesium researchers who have dedicated their lives to unraveling the mysteries of magnesiums role in biological systems that has inspired the collation of this volume of work.
Pediatric Hypertension
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Author : Joseph Flynn
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-06-26
Pediatric Hypertension written by Joseph Flynn and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-06-26 with Medical categories.
The field of pediatric hypertension has undergone important changes in the time since the second edition of Pediatric Hypertension published. Much new information on hypertension in the young has become available. Previous chapters have been fully revised and new chapters have been added to cover important topics of recent interest such as consensus recommendations, the prevalence of hypertension in the young due to the obesity epidemic, studies of antihypertensive agents, and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Pediatric Hypertension, Third Edition is a comprehensive volume featuring 38 chapters covering the breadth of the current knowledge. It is divided into four sections: Regulation of Blood Pressure in Children; Assessment of Blood Pressure in Children: Measurement, Normative Data, Epidemiology; and Hypertension in Children: Predictors, Risk Factors, and Special Populations; Evaluation and Management of Pediatric Hypertension. Filled with the most up-to-date information, Pediatric Hypertension, Third Edition is an invaluable resource for clinicians and researchers interested in childhood hypertension.