Molecular Mechanisms Of Dendritic Cell Mediated Immune Tolerance And Autoimmunity
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Molecular Mechanisms Of Dendritic Cell Mediated Immune Tolerance And Autoimmunity
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Author : Fang Zhou
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2024-04-09
Molecular Mechanisms Of Dendritic Cell Mediated Immune Tolerance And Autoimmunity written by Fang Zhou and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-04-09 with Medical categories.
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a critical role in immune system, as they are necessary both for innate and adaptive immunity. According to their function, dendritic cells can be classified in immune tolerogenic or inflammatory DCs. DCs have been shown to regulate T cell-mediated immune responses and lead to immune tolerance and autoimmunity. For example, immune-tolerogenic DCs facilitate the development of regulatory T cells and inhibit T helper 17-mediated autoimmunity in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Moreover, inflammatory DCs activate CD8+ and CD4+ T cells and elicit T cell-mediated inflammatory immune responses in vivo. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying DC-mediated immune tolerance and autoimmunity are still obscure.
Immunological Tolerance
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Author : Gregory R. Bock
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2008-04-30
Immunological Tolerance written by Gregory R. Bock and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-04-30 with Science categories.
This book brings together material on all aspects of immunological tolerance. Basic mechanisms of tolerance are examined in detail, including mechanisms of peripheral T cell tolerance, molecular and genetic mechanisms for maintaining self tolerance, partial T cell activation, and the role of apoptosis in tolerance. Careful consideration is also given to the clinical applications of our understanding of immunological tolerance, with specific chapters dealing with T cell activation during tumour therapy, antiantigen specific immune suppression, tolerance in infectious diseases, tolerance during pregnancy, and tolerance during various autoimmune diseases.
The Nature Of Activatory And Tolerogenic Dendritic Cell Derived Signal 2
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Author : Francesca Granucci
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers E-books
Release Date : 2014-07-08
The Nature Of Activatory And Tolerogenic Dendritic Cell Derived Signal 2 written by Francesca Granucci and has been published by Frontiers E-books this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-07-08 with categories.
One of the most interesting issues in immunology is how the innate and adaptive branches of the immune system cooperate in vertebrate organisms to respond and destroy invading microorganisms without destroying self-tissues. More than 20 years ago, Charles Janeway proposed the innate immune recognition theory [1]. He hypothesized the existence of innate receptors (Pattern recognition receptors, PRRs) that, by recognizing molecular structures associated to pathogens (PAMPs) and being expressed by antigen presenting cells (APCs) and epithelial cells, could alert the immune system to the presence of a pathogen, making it possible to mount an immediate inflammatory response. Moreover, by transducing the alert signal in professional APCs and inducing the expression of costimulatory molecules, these receptors could control the activation of lymphocytes bearing clonal antigen-specific receptors, thereby promoting appropriate adaptive immune responses. Since adaptive immunity can be activated also following sterile inflammatory conditions, it was subsequently proposed by Polly Matzinger that the innate immune system could be also activated by endogenous danger signals, generically called danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)[2]. The first prediction has been amply confirmed by the discovery of Toll-like receptors [3; 4; 5] and cytoplasmic PRRs such as RIG-like receptors [6]. Other PRR families such as the NOD-like receptors and C-type lectins exert immunogenic or tolerogenic signals [7; 8; 9] and may recognize not strictly pathogens but also endogenous danger signals that may lead to inflammasome activation [10; 11] . Dendritic cells (DCs) have been identified as the cells of the innate immune system that, by sensing PAMPs or DAMPs transduce signals to the nucleus. This leads to a transcriptional reprogramming of DCs with the consequent expression of three signals, namely signal 1 (MHC+peptide), signal 2 (surface costimulatory molecules) and signal 3 (cytokines) necessary for the priming of antigen-specific naïve T cell responses (signal 1 and 2) and T cell polarization (signal 3). The reason why DCs are superior with respect to other professional APCs in naïve T cell activation has not been unequivocally defined but in vivo may mainly result from their migration capacity to secondary lymphoid organs. It has not been established whether DCs can provide a special “signal 2” or simply very high levels, compared with other APCs, of commonly expressed signals 1 and 2, so that a naïve T cell could reach the threshold of activation. A second aspect of DC biology needs also to be taken into account. Concerning the question of how self-tissues are not destroyed following the initiation of adaptive immune responses, different mechanisms of central and peripheral auto-reactive T cell tolerization have been proposed [12]. In particular, it has been defined that high affinity T cells are deleted in the thymus, while low affinity auto-reactive T cells or T cells specific for tissue-sequestered antigens that do not have access to the thymus are controlled in the periphery. In a simplified vision of how peripheral T cell tolerance could be induced and maintained, it was thought that, in resting conditions, immature DCs, expressing low levels of signal 1 and low or no levels of signal 2, were able to induce T cell unresponsiveness. Nevertheless, it is now clear that a fundamental contribution to the peripheral tolerance is due to the conversion of naïve T cells into peripheral regulatory T cells (pTreg cells) and it is also clear that DCs need to receive a specific conditioning to become able to induce pTreg cell differentiation. Even more intriguing is that also DCs activated through PRRs, with particular Toll like receptor (TLR) agonists, are capable of generating pTreg cell conversion if these agonists induce the production of the appropriate cytokines.
The Molecular Mechanisms Of Regulatory T Cell Immunosuppression
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Author : Kendall A. Smith
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers E-books
Release Date :
The Molecular Mechanisms Of Regulatory T Cell Immunosuppression written by Kendall A. Smith and has been published by Frontiers E-books this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on with categories.
Ever since Regulatory T cells (T-Regs) were first defined as peripheral CD4+ T cells that express the interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor alpha chain (IL-2Ra), there have been intensive efforts to determine the molecular mechanisms whereby this minor subset of CD4+ T cells (~ 5-10%) nonspecifically suppresses all potential effector T cells, whether reactive to self or non-self antigens. Multiple possible molecular mechanisms have been implicated, including the scavenging of IL-2 via the expression of high densities of IL-2Rs, the inhibition of antigen presentation via CTLA-4 molecules leading to decreased IL-2 production, the activation of intracellular cAMP thereby suppressing both IL-2 production and action, and the production of suppressive cytokines such as IL-10 and Tumor Growth Factor-beta, to list a few. However, the field has thus far failed to come to a consensus, such that some investigators have now asserted that many molecular mechanisms may be operative, in fact that perhaps all of the described mechanisms may account for the suppressive effects of these cells, acting either simultaneously or sequentially. Thus, this Research Topic is focused on articles that can shed some new light on the molecular mechanisms responsible for T-Reg immunosuppression.
Mechanisms Of Lymphocyte Activation And Immune Regulation Viii
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Author : Sudhir Gupta
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Mechanisms Of Lymphocyte Activation And Immune Regulation Viii written by Sudhir Gupta and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Science categories.
Advances in biochemistry, cell biology, genome-wide mutagenesis - coupled with molecular technology, including gene microarray and transgenic and knock-out animals - have been instrumental in understanding the cellular processes and molecular pathways of self-tolerance and autoimmune diseases. The molecular definition of these pathways and processes has led to novel treatments for certain auto-immune diseases that are based on the pathogenesis of diseases rather than on broad-spectrum immunosuppression. This book reviews many of these current developments and proposes future novel approaches for understanding the pathogenesis of auto-immune diseases and designing novel therapy. This book covers three major areas of auto-immunity: the basic mechanisms of immunological tolerance, pathogenesis of auto-immune diseases, and some novel therapies. This book should be useful for immunologists, molecular biologists, rheumatologists, and clinical scientists.
Cellular And Molecular Mechanisms Of Immunologic Tolerance
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Author : Tomáš Hraba
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1981
Cellular And Molecular Mechanisms Of Immunologic Tolerance written by Tomáš Hraba and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1981 with Cellular immunity categories.
Emerging Therapeutics For Immune Tolerance
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Author : Hyewon Phee
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2021-11-30
Emerging Therapeutics For Immune Tolerance written by Hyewon Phee and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-11-30 with Medical categories.
Immune Regulation And Immunotherapy In Autoimmune Disease
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Author : Jingwu Zhang
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2007-01-25
Immune Regulation And Immunotherapy In Autoimmune Disease written by Jingwu Zhang and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-01-25 with Medical categories.
This volume reviews the most recent advances in the understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms for immune responses and immune regulation. The books editor, Dr. Zhang, is well-known internationally, particularly in the field of multiple sclerosis and T-cell vaccination as a potential treatment of multiple sclerosis. He has much experience and expertise in both basic and clinical aspects of autoimmune disease.
Autoantibodies And Autoimmunity
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Author : Kenneth Michael Pollard
language : en
Publisher: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH
Release Date : 2006
Autoantibodies And Autoimmunity written by Kenneth Michael Pollard and has been published by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with Medical categories.
Address all aspects of the biology of autoantibodies in a single volume, including a discussion of immunology, experimental models, clinical aspects, and the use of autoantibodies as probes in molecular and cellular biology. The editor has assembled a team of authors to report on the latest research, technologies, and applications. Following an introductory chapter, the book goes on to cover such topics as cellular mechanisms of autoantibody production, clinical and diagnostic usefulness in human disease, and animal models used to study the elicitation of autoantibodies. The whole is rounded off with a look at future perspectives.
An Interplay Of Cellular And Molecular Components Of Immunology
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Author : Indrakant Kumar Singh
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2022-12-19
An Interplay Of Cellular And Molecular Components Of Immunology written by Indrakant Kumar Singh and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-12-19 with Science categories.
Our immune system defends us against infection by employing multiple lines of defense. The relevance of the immune response in human health, disease prevention, and vaccinations becomes evident when the immune system is compromised as in the case of pathogenic infections or autoimmune diseases. The reader will gain a fundamental understanding of the essential principles of immunology, such as how our immune system recognizes/fights infectious agents, how our body differentiates between foreign and self-cells/molecules, and how the memory from previous infections aids in a faster and more effective immune response. The book is divided into 17 chapters, providing an overview of the immune system and its components, including its organs and cells. Chapters on the major histocompatibility complex, the complement system, hypersensitivity and tolerance, antibody diversity through DNA rearrangements, and autoimmune diseases are included in the book which further broadens the understanding of this very complex system of our body. Chapters on transplantation immunology and vaccines provide a perspective on the application of these immunological concepts and will be of great interest to readers. Key features of the book: Simple, direct, and lucid language Comprehensive coverage of concepts for better understanding Well-labeled illustrations, flowcharts, and tables for enhanced learning Every chapter is followed up with a detailed summary and questionnaire A detailed glossary for users to know the right words Chapters contributed/reviewed by experienced experts in this field The book provides broad, accessible, and up-to-date information about immunological perspectives to biotechnologists, biomedical scientists, biochemists, molecular biologists, and students from various streams of life sciences, including zoology, biotechnology, and microbiology, as well as instant access to a wealth of information.