Monitoring Underground Nuclear Explosions
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Monitoring Underground Nuclear Explosions
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Author : Ola Dahlman
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2016-10-27
Monitoring Underground Nuclear Explosions written by Ola Dahlman and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-10-27 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Monitoring Underground Nuclear Explosions focuses on the checking of underground nuclear explosions, including the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTB), seismological stations, earthquake-source models, and seismicity. The publication first elaborates on test-ban negotiations, nuclear explosions, seismological background, and explosions and earthquakes as seismic sources. Concerns cover comparison between explosion-source and earthquake-source models, theoretical calculation of seismic waves, earth structure, seismicity, nuclear test activities, bomb designs, and disarmament treaties. The manuscript then tackles seismological stations, detection, event definition and location, depth estimation, and identification. Topics include multistation discriminants, statistical aspects, long-period and short-period signals, near distances, location by a network of stations, international data exchange, station detection capabilities, and station networks. The book examines the monitoring of a comprehensive test-ban treaty, nonseismological identification, evasion, peaceful nuclear explosions, and yield estimation. The text is a dependable reference for researchers interested in the monitoring of underground nuclear explosions.
Nuclear Weapons
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Author : Office of Technology Assessment (OTA)
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017-11-16
Nuclear Weapons written by Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-11-16 with categories.
Three authoritative reports provide unique information about nuclear weapons testing and the verification of nuclear nonproliferation treaties: (1) The Containment of Underground Nuclear Explosions, (2) Seismic Verification of Nuclear Testing Treaties, (3) Environmental Monitoring for Nuclear Safeguards. The Containment of Underground Nuclear Explosions - At a time of continued underground nuclear bomb tests, an assessment of the safety of the process led to this report. This special report reviews the safety of the nuclear testing program and assesses the technical procedures used to test nuclear weapons and ensure that radioactive material produced by test explosions remains contained underground. An overall evaluation considers the acceptability of the remaining risk and discusses reasons for the lack of public confidence. Seismic Verification of Nuclear Testing Treaties - Like an earthquake, the force of an underground nuclear explosion creates seismic waves that travel through the Earth. A satisfactory seismic network to monitor such tests must be able to both detect and identify seismic signals in the presence of "noise," for example, from natural earthquakes. In the case of monitoring a treaty that limits testing below a certain size explosion, the seismic network must also be able to estimate the size with acceptable accuracy. All of this must be done with an assured capability to defeat adequately any credible attempt to evade or spoof the monitoring network. This report addresses the issues of detection, identification, yield estimation, and evasion to arrive at answers to the two critical questions: Down to what size explosion can underground testing be seismically monitored with high confidence? How accurately can the yields of underground explosions be measured? Environmental Monitoring for Nuclear Safeguards - To assure that states are not violating their Non-Proliferation Treaty commitments, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) must also verify that states do not possess covert nuclear facilities-a mission that prior to the 1991 Gulf War, it had neither the political backing nor the resources to conduct. In the report, OTA concluded that providing the IAEA with the resources, the information, and the political support it needs to look for such sites may turn out to be the most important aspect of a reinvigorated safeguards regime. The IAEA recognizes the importance of this new mission and is in the process of assuming it. One of the tools it is exploring to provide some indication of the presence of secret, or undeclared, nuclear activities and facilities is environmental monitoring. Modern sampling and analysis technologies provide powerful tools to detect the presence of characteristic substances that are likely to be emitted by such illicit activities. This background paper examines the prospects for such technologies to improve nuclear safeguards. It concludes that environmental monitoring can greatly increase the ability to detect undeclared activity at declared, or known, sites, and it can significantly increase the chances of detecting and locating undeclared sites.
Recent Advances In Nuclear Explosion Monitoring
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Author : Andreas Becker
language : en
Publisher: Birkhäuser
Release Date : 2010-06-19
Recent Advances In Nuclear Explosion Monitoring written by Andreas Becker and has been published by Birkhäuser this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-06-19 with Science categories.
This topical volume focuses on the most recent advances that have been achieved in relevant fields of research of nuclear test ban monitoring, including seismology, infrasound- and hydro-acoustics, as well as nuclear physics and atmospheric backtracking. This research has been presented during the special sessions on "Research and Development in Nuclear Explosion Monitoring" convened during the 2007 and 2008 General Assemblies of the European Geosciences Union (EGU). The special sessions were introduced after the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO Prepcom) had convened a scientific symposium in 2006 on "CTBT: Synergies with Science 1996-2006 and beyond" marking the tenth anniversary of the United Nations General Assembly’s adoption of the CTBT Treaty. With regard to the seismo-acoustic fields several papers provide important updates on advances made in these fields since publication of ‘Monitoring the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty’ (see PAGEOPH topical volumes 158-159, 2001-2002). Moreover, this topical volume expands on these publications by including radionuclide and noble gas monitoring, as well as atmospheric transport modeling. In these two areas, significant progress has been made in recent years. Two papers studying the 2006 North Korean nuclear test elucidate how progress made in the relevant fields has allowed for a good understanding on the characteristics of this underground nuclear test.
Toward End To End Modeling For Nuclear Explosion Monitoring
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2009
Toward End To End Modeling For Nuclear Explosion Monitoring written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009 with categories.
This paper describes new research being performed to improve understanding of seismic waves generated by underground nuclear explosions (UNE) by using full waveform simulation, high-performance computing and three-dimensional (3D) earth models. The goal of this effort is to develop an end-to-end modeling capability to cover the range of wave propagation required for nuclear explosion monitoring (NEM) from the buried nuclear device to the seismic sensor. The goal of this work is to improve understanding of the physical basis and prediction capabilities of seismic observables for NEM including source and path-propagation effects. We are pursuing research along three main thrusts. Firstly, we are modeling the non-linear hydrodynamic response of geologic materials to underground explosions in order to better understand how source emplacement conditions impact the seismic waves that emerge from the source region and are ultimately observed hundreds or thousands of kilometers away. Empirical evidence shows that the amplitudes and frequency content of seismic waves at all distances are strongly impacted by the physical properties of the source region (e.g. density, strength, porosity). To model the near-source shock-wave motions of an UNE, we use GEODYN, an Eulerian Godunov (finite volume) code incorporating thermodynamically consistent non-linear constitutive relations, including cavity formation, yielding, porous compaction, tensile failure, bulking and damage. In order to propagate motions to seismic distances we are developing a one-way coupling method to pass motions to WPP (a Cartesian anelastic finite difference code). Preliminary investigations of UNE's in canonical materials (granite, tuff and alluvium) confirm that emplacement conditions have a strong effect on seismic amplitudes and the generation of shear waves. Specifically, we find that motions from an explosion in high-strength, low-porosity granite have high compressional wave amplitudes and weak shear waves, while an explosion in low strength, high-porosity alluvium results in much weaker compressional waves and low-frequency compressional and shear waves of nearly equal amplitude. Further work will attempt to model available near-field seismic data from explosions conducted at NTS, where we have accurate characterization of the sub-surface from the wealth of geological and geophysical data from the former nuclear test program. Secondly, we are modeling seismic wave propagation with free-surface topography in WPP. We have model the October 9, 2006 and May 25, 2009 North Korean nuclear tests to investigate the impact of rugged topography on seismic waves. Preliminary results indicate that the topographic relief causes complexity in the direct P-waves that leads to azimuthally dependent behavior and the topographic gradient to the northeast, east and southeast of the presumed test locations generate stronger shear-waves, although each test gives a different pattern. Thirdly, we are modeling intermediate period motions (10-50 seconds) from earthquakes and explosions at regional distances. For these simulations we run SPECFEM3D{_}GLOBE (a spherical geometry spectral element code). We modeled broadband waveforms from well-characterized and well-observed events in the Middle East and central Asia, as well as the North Korean nuclear tests. For the recent North Korean test we found that the one-dimensional iasp91 model predicts the observed waveforms quite well in the band 20-50 seconds, while waveform fits for available 3D earth models are generally poor, with some exceptions. Interestingly 3D models can predict energy on the transverse component for an isotropic source presumably due to surface wave mode conversion and/or multipathing.
Monitoring A Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
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Author : Eystein S. Husebye
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Monitoring A Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty written by Eystein S. Husebye and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Science categories.
An international treaty banning the testing of any nuclear device in any environment - a comprehensive test ban treaty (CTBT) - has been on the political agenda for nearly 40 years. Objections to a CTBT have been political, technical, or a combination of both. However, the possibilities seem better after the end of the Cold War. In the prevailing, cooperative disarmament climate a CTBT appears likely to be approved by most countries in 1996. Hence the great current interest in monitoring technologies and capabilities. Such issues are comprehensively addressed here, a preamble being devoted to the political developments and setbacks over the past 40 years. Since seismic means are considered the dominant monitoring element, they are explored in detail. Contributions cover network deployments, advanced signal processing, wave propagation in heterogeneous media, and seismic source representations, and a variety of techniques for source classification (including neural networks). Complementary monitoring techniques, such as hydroacoustics, radionuclides and infrasound, are also summarised. The IAEA operation for monitoring compliance with the Non-Proliferation Treaty is also presented. The book also includes eyewitness accounts of the Soviet 50 Mt megabomb development and test, as well as the efforts made by the state to monitor the nuclear test programmes of the western powers. Includes some 33 articles written by distinguished scientists active in CTBT monitoring research for decades.
Monitoring The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Source Processes And Explosion Yield Estimation
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Author : Goran Ekstrom
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2001-12-01
Monitoring The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Source Processes And Explosion Yield Estimation written by Goran Ekstrom and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001-12-01 with Science categories.
Pure appl. geophys., by 161 nations. Entry of the treaty into force, however, is still uncertain since it requires ratification by all 44 nations that have some nuclear capability and, as of 15 June 2001, only 31 of those nations have done so. Although entry of the CTBT into force is still uncertain, seismologists and scientists in related fields, such as radionuclides, have proceeded with new research on issues relevant to monitoring compliance with it. Results of much of that research may be used by the International Monitoring System, headquartered in Vienna, and by several national centers and individual institutions, to monitor compliance with the CTBT. New issues associated with CTBT monitoring in the 21st century have presented scientists with many new challenges. They must be able to effectively monitor com pliance by several countries that have not previously been nuclear powers. Effective monitoring requires that we be able to detect and locate much smaller nuclear events than ever before and to distinguish them from small earthquakes and other types of explosions. We must have those capabilities in regions that are seismically active and geologically complex, and where seismic waves might not propagate efficiently.
Nuclear Test Ban Verification
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Author : Kin-Yip Chun
language : en
Publisher: The Division
Release Date : 1991
Nuclear Test Ban Verification written by Kin-Yip Chun and has been published by The Division this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1991 with Nuclear arms control categories.
Seismology is the main method of monitoring nuclear explosions that take place underground. Improved seismographic hardware, Canadian research expertise, and the availability of suitable land are all helping Canada become an increasingly notable contributor to this branch of forensic seismology. This report describes verification and its rationale; the basic tasks of seismic verification; the physical basis for earthquake-explosion source discrimination and explosion yield determination; the technical problems in seismic monitoring of underground nuclear tests; the basic problem-solving strategy deployed by the forensic seismology research team at the University of Toronto; and the scientific significance of the team's research.
The Containment Of Underground Nuclear Explosions
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1989
The Containment Of Underground Nuclear Explosions written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1989 with Government publications categories.
Regional Range Seismological Monitoring Of Underground Nuclear Explosions In Eurasia
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Author : Sigvaldi Thordarson
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1997
Regional Range Seismological Monitoring Of Underground Nuclear Explosions In Eurasia written by Sigvaldi Thordarson and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1997 with categories.
Health Effects Of Underground Nuclear Tests
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Author : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. Subcommittee on Energy and the Environment
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1988
Health Effects Of Underground Nuclear Tests written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. Subcommittee on Energy and the Environment and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1988 with Radioactive fallout categories.