Moving To Alternative Refrigerants

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Moving To Alternative Refrigerants

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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1993

Moving To Alternative Refrigerants written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1993 with Chlorofluorocarbons categories.

Moving To Alternative Refrigerants

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Author : U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
language : en
Publisher: BiblioGov
Release Date : 2013-07

Moving To Alternative Refrigerants written by U. S. Environmental Protection Agency and has been published by BiblioGov this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-07 with categories.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was introduced on December 2, 1970 by President Richard Nixon. The agency is charged with protecting human health and the environment, by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress. The EPA's struggle to protect health and the environment is seen through each of its official publications. These publications outline new policies, detail problems with enforcing laws, document the need for new legislation, and describe new tactics to use to solve these issues. This collection of publications ranges from historic documents to reports released in the new millennium, and features works like: Bicycle for a Better Environment, Health Effects of Increasing Sulfur Oxides Emissions Draft, and Women and Environmental Health.

Moving To Alternative Refrigerants

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Author : U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
language : en
Publisher: BiblioGov
Release Date : 2013-07

Moving To Alternative Refrigerants written by U. S. Environmental Protection Agency and has been published by BiblioGov this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-07 with categories.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was introduced on December 2, 1970 by President Richard Nixon. The agency is charged with protecting human health and the environment, by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress. The EPA's struggle to protect health and the environment is seen through each of its official publications. These publications outline new policies, detail problems with enforcing laws, document the need for new legislation, and describe new tactics to use to solve these issues. This collection of publications ranges from historic documents to reports released in the new millennium, and features works like: Bicycle for a Better Environment, Health Effects of Increasing Sulfur Oxides Emissions Draft, and Women and Environmental Health.

Handbook For The Analysis And Identification Of Alternative Refrigerants

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Author : Thomas J. Bruno
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2019-07-23

Handbook For The Analysis And Identification Of Alternative Refrigerants written by Thomas J. Bruno and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-07-23 with Science categories.

Many laboratories are engaged in research on the development of new fluids for use as refrigerants to replace the fully halogenated materials that are believed to contribute to atmospheric ozone depletion. An integral part of this effort is the chemical analysis of new fluids that are synthesized, prepared, and tested. This comprehensive book, which is divided into two parts, fills an important need in this vital chemical analysis protocol. The first part reviews the major chemical analysis methods that have been developed and used at NIST and in other laboratories. This review covers spectroscopic, chromatographic, and "wet" analytical methods, with treatment divided by qualitative identification, qualitative determinations, and chemical reaction screening. The second part contains a compilation of analytical information of the new fluids and their products. Physical properties, mass spectra, infrared spectra, ultraviolet spectra, nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, and gas chromatographic retention data are provided for each fluid or product.

Heat Transfer Performance And Prediction Of Low Global Warming Potential R134a Refrigerant Alternatives

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Author : Jordan Alexander Morrow
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2022

Heat Transfer Performance And Prediction Of Low Global Warming Potential R134a Refrigerant Alternatives written by Jordan Alexander Morrow and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022 with categories.

Due to the Kigali amendment, environmental regulations are phasing out high global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants such as R134a. Since many potential alternative refrigerants have flammability and cost concerns, minimizing system charge is critical. The condenser is typically responsible for 50% of the charge of a system; it is vital to have a fundamental understanding of the flow condensation heat transfer performance of low GWP refrigerants such as R513A and R450A. Flow condensation data were extracted from 35 papers and created a database of 5,030 condensation heat transfer coefficient data points. The data points were compared to predicted values from ten condensation correlations and the mean average error (MAE) for each one was calculated: Akers et al. (1959) (MAE=106%), Cavallini et al. (2006) (MAE=30%), Cavallini et al. (2011) (MAE=29%), Kim and Mudawar (2013) (MAE=28%), Macdonald and Garimella (2016) (MAE=61%), Shah (1979) (MAE=39%), Shah (2009) (MAE=32%), Shah (2013) (MAE=38%), Shah (2016) (MAE=26%), and Traviss et al. (1973) (MAE=46%). Many of the refrigerants in the database were not used for developing these correlations. Limited data were available for R513A (i.e., five studies) and R450A (i.e., one study). A vapor compression cycle experimental setup was designed and built to measure heat transfer performance of R134a alternative refrigerants. Experimental heat transfer coefficient data for R513A and R450A in a 0.95 mm diameter, multiport, mini-channel are presented for a range of mass flux (i.e., 200 - 500 kg/m2s) and quality (i.e., 0.2 - 0.8) at a saturation temperature of 40°C. Condensation heat transfer coefficients for R134a, R513A, and R450A increased with increasing mass flux and quality. R513A condensation heat transfer coefficients were 2.6 - 25.6% lower than R134a heat transfer coefficients and pressure drop were 4.5 - 14.0% lower than R134a pressure drop. R450A heat transfer coefficients were 2.4% higher than R134a at high mass flux and quality and up to 11.7% lower than R134a at lower mass fluxes than R134a heat transfer coefficients; R450A pressure drop were comparable to R134a pressure drop (i.e., 5.0% higher to 9.5% lower). A heat transfer coefficient correlation for low GWP (i.e., less than 750) refrigerants was developed using the Buckingham Pi theorem in conjunction with the MATLAB Optimization toolbox. The new correlation was developed using the condensation heat transfer coefficient database and the new experimental data collected from the experimental apparatus. The correlation is developed from a database of 4,110 data points including 11 synthetic refrigerants [i.e., R32, R41, R152a, R161, R450A, R452B, R454C, R455A, R513A, R1234yf, R1234ze(E)] and a range of diameters (i.e., 0.5 - 12.7 mm), saturation temperatures (i.e., 15 - 83°C), mass fluxes (i.e., 50 - 1200 kg/m2s), qualities (i.e., 0.007 - 0.999), pressure ratios (i.e., 0.15 - 0.91), Bond numbers (i.e., 0.454 - 616), liquid Reynolds numbers (i.e., 347 - 80,084), liquid Prandtl numbers (i.e., 1.87 - 5.64), and vapor Weber numbers (i.e., 8.35 - 27,334). The correlation development used 80% of the data points and tested for accuracy with the other 20% of the data points. The new correlation has a MAE of 24.2% for the data used to build the correlation and a MAE of 24.6% for the data used to test the correlation. The consistency of the correlation to predict the build data points and the test data points shows that the correlation effectively predicts the condensation heat transfer coefficients of these low GWP refrigerants.

Alternative Refrigerants

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Author : American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers. Meeting
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1991

Alternative Refrigerants written by American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers. Meeting and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1991 with Refrigerants categories.

Alternatives To Hcfc As Refrigerant In Shipping Vessels

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Author : Torben Møller-Hansen
language : en
Publisher: Nordic Council of Ministers
Release Date : 2000

Alternatives To Hcfc As Refrigerant In Shipping Vessels written by Torben Møller-Hansen and has been published by Nordic Council of Ministers this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2000 with Ozone-depleting substances categories.

Horizontal Convective Condensation Of Alternative Refrigerants Within A Micro Fin Tube Classic Reprint

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Author : Mark a Kedzierski
language : en
Publisher: Forgotten Books
Release Date : 2017-10-28

Horizontal Convective Condensation Of Alternative Refrigerants Within A Micro Fin Tube Classic Reprint written by Mark a Kedzierski and has been published by Forgotten Books this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-10-28 with categories.

Excerpt from Horizontal Convective Condensation of Alternative Refrigerants Within a Micro-Fin Tube As shown in Fig. 3, six refrigerant pressure taps along the test section allowed the measurement of the upstream absolute pressure and five pressure drops along the test section. Two sets of two water pressure taps were used to measure the water pressure drop along each tube. Also, a sheathed thermocouple measured the refrigerant temperature at each end of the two refrigerant tubes, with the junction of each centered radially. Only the thermocouple at the inlet of the first tube was used in the calculations. Theentire test section was wrapped with 5 cm of foam insulation to minimize heat transfer between the water and the ambient. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Low Gwp Non Flammable Alternative Refrigerant Blends For Hfc 134a

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Author : Piotr A. Domanski
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2023

Low Gwp Non Flammable Alternative Refrigerant Blends For Hfc 134a written by Piotr A. Domanski and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023 with Air conditioning categories.

This project addresses the objectives of the Statement of Need number WPSON-17-20 No/Low Global Warming Potential Alternatives to Ozone Depleting Refrigerants. Its goal was to identify low global-warming-potential (GWP), non-flammable refrigerants to replace HFC-134a (GWP=1300) in military environmental control units (ECUs) and to demonstrate their performance. This work is a follow-on to the limited-scope project WP-2740, which used thermodynamic cycle simulation models alone to screen over 100 000 refrigerant blends and identified over 20 candidate HFC-134a replacements. In the present study we narrowed the pool of blend candidates down to three best blends, demonstrated their performance through drop-in tests in a military ECU in environmental chambers over a wide range of operating conditions, and extrapolated the laboratory-measured performance to that of ECUs equipped with modified compressor for each blend to provide the same system capacity while maintaining the isentropic efficiency of the original HFC-134a compressor. The project involved preliminary experimental and analytical tasks in support of the final project task. These included measurements of thermodynamic and transport properties of the novel fluids considered and an update of simulation methods for these properties, fundamental tests exploring the flammability characteristics including calculation methods, fundamental measurements and modeling of forced-convection heat transfer performance, and measurements of cycle performance of candidate blends in a laboratory mini-breadboard heat pump apparatus as the final qualification step of the best blends for full-scale testing in the ECU. The project s conclusion is that R-513A (GWP=573) and a blend we call Tern-1 [R-134a/1234yf/1234ze(E) (49.2/33.9/16.9*), GWP=640] are good replacement blends for HFC-134a offering a similar performance at GWP reduction of 66 % and 51 %, respectively. These fluids do not present any significant application difficulties. If greater reduction in GWP is desirable, R-515B (GWP=344) and CO2 (GWP=1) can be considered but they require further challenging research and developmental work. In the above blend selection, we adopted the ASTM E681 test method as stipulated by ASHRAE Standard 34 for qualifying non-flammability of refrigerants. If military requirements for non-flammability are more stringent than the E681 standard, a smaller reduction of GWP will be possible with qualifying blends.

Vapor Compression Heat Pumps With Refrigerant Mixtures

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Author : Reinhard Radermacher
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2005-06-23

Vapor Compression Heat Pumps With Refrigerant Mixtures written by Reinhard Radermacher and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005-06-23 with Technology & Engineering categories.

Amidst tightening requirements for eliminating CFC's, HCFC's, halons, and HFC's from use in air conditioning and heat pumps, the search began for replacements that are environmentally benign, non-flammable, and similar to the banned refrigerants in system-level behavior. Refrigerant mixtures are increasingly used as working fluids because they demo