Mussolini S Army Against Greece
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Mussolini S Army Against Greece
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Author : Richard Carrier
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2021-03-08
Mussolini S Army Against Greece written by Richard Carrier and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-03-08 with History categories.
This book analyses why the Italian army failed to defeat its Greek opponent between October 1940 and April 1941. It thoroughly examines the multiple forms of ineffectiveness that plagued the political leadership as well as the military organisation. Mussolini’s aggression of Greece ranks among the most neglected campaigns of the Second World War. Initiated on 28 October 1940, the offensive came to a halt less than ten days later; by mid-November, the Greek counter-offensive put the Italian armies on the defensive, and back in Albania. From then on, the fatal interaction between failing command structures, inadequate weapons and equipment, unprepared and unmotivated combatants, and terrible logistics lowered to a dangerous level the fighting power of Italian combatants. This essay proposes that compared to the North African and Russian campaigns where the Regio Esercito achieved a decent level of military effectiveness, the operation against Greece was a military fiasco. Only the courage of its soldiers and the German intervention saved the dictator’s army from complete disaster. This book would appeal to anyone interested in the history of the world war, and to those involved in the study of military effectiveness and intrigued by why armies fail.
Mussolini S Army Against Greece
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Author : Richard Carrier
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2021
Mussolini S Army Against Greece written by Richard Carrier and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021 with History categories.
This book analyses why the Italian army failed to defeat its Greek opponent between October 1940 and April 1941. It thoroughly examines the multiple forms of ineffectiveness that plagued the political leadership as well as the military organisation. Mussolini's aggression of Greece ranks among the most neglected campaigns of the Second World War. Initiated on 28 October 1940, the offensive came to a halt less than ten days later; by mid-November, the Greek counter-offensive put the Italian armies on the defensive, and back in Albania. From then on, the fatal interaction between failing command structures, inadequate weapons and equipment, unprepared and unmotivated combatants, and terrible logistics lowered to a dangerous level the fighting power of Italian combatants. This essay proposes that compared to the North African and Russian campaigns where the Regio Esercito achieved a decent level of military effectiveness, the operation against Greece was a military fiasco. Only the courage of its soldiers and the German intervention saved the dictator's army from complete disaster. This book would appeal to anyone interested in the history of the world war, and to those involved in the study of military effectiveness and intrigued by why armies fail.
Armies Of The Greek Italian War 1940 41
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Author : Phoebus Athanassiou
language : en
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing
Release Date : 2017-11-30
Armies Of The Greek Italian War 1940 41 written by Phoebus Athanassiou and has been published by Bloomsbury Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-11-30 with History categories.
In October 1940 an Italian army some 200,000 strong invaded Greece across its largely undefended border with Albania. Although supported by Great Britain, at first by sea and in the air and later by landing British and ANZAC troops from North Africa, Greece bore the main brunt of the six-month war. Outclassed in materiel and outnumbered, LtGen Papagos's Greek army was so successful against the Italians in north-west Greece that, by 22 November 1940, it was advancing into Italian-held Albania. This would eventually force Hitler to send in German reinforcements to support his beleaguered Italian allies, delaying his invasion of the Soviet Union. Complete with contemporary photographs and full-colour uniform plates, this fascinating study explores the history, organization, and appearance of the armies of this oft forgotten conflict.
Bill The Greek
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Author : Bill Kanellis
language : en
Publisher: Page Publishing, Incorporated
Release Date : 2018-07-27
Bill The Greek written by Bill Kanellis and has been published by Page Publishing, Incorporated this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-07-27 with History categories.
On October 28th, 1940 Benito Mussolini at 5 am, sent a telegram to his ambassador in Athens to demand that prime Minister Ioannis Metaxas allow his Italian troops to invade Greece without incident or face war. Since Greece had remained neutral during the start of WWII, Metaxas immediately replied with one word "oxi," which in Greek means no. The small and unprepared Greek Army with local volunteers, held the Italian Army at the border of Albania for six months from entering. After the humiliation of Mussolini's inability to conquer this small country, Hitler sent his troops on April 6th and by June 1st, 1941, Greece surrendered to Germany. During the occupation, the bank of Greece was completely looted by the Germans and 80 percent of the industry was destroyed. The country's food was allocated to supply Hitler's army in North Africa, which caused thousands of Greeks to die from starvation along with Nazi reprisals. Many Fortunes were spent to buy a sack of flour and other food necessities to survive. The following book is a true story of some of the conditions I experienced during the Nazi occupation and my coming to America.
The Balkans 1940 41 1
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Author : Pier Paolo Battistelli
language : en
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing
Release Date : 2021-01-21
The Balkans 1940 41 1 written by Pier Paolo Battistelli and has been published by Bloomsbury Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-01-21 with History categories.
The first of two volumes on the Axis campaigns in the Balkans, exploring Mussolini's fateful decision to move against Greece in October 1940. The Greek President Metaxas rejected the Italian ultimatum with a famous 'Oxi' ('No'), and what followed was Italy's first debacle in World War II. In the wake of Italy's rapid annexation of Albania in April 1940, Mussolini's decision to attack Greece in October that year is widely acknowledged as a fatal mistake, leading to a domestic crisis and to the collapse of Italy's reputation as a military power (re-emphasized by the Italian defeat in North Africa in December 1940). The Italian assault on Greece came to a stalemate in less than a fortnight, and was followed a week later by a Greek counter-offensive that broke through the Italian defences before advancing into Albania, forcing the Italian forces to withdraw north before grinding to a half in January 1941 due to logistical issues. Eventually, the Italians took advantage of this brief hiatus to reorganize and prepare a counteroffensive, the failure of which marked the end of the first stage of the Axis Balkan campaign. The first of two volumes examining the Axis campaigns in the Balkans, this book offers a detailed overview of the Italian and Greek armies, their fighting power, and the terrain in which they fought. Complimented by rarely seen images and full colour illustrations, it shows how expectations of an easy Italian victory quickly turned into one of Mussolini's greatest blunders.
Mussolini S Defeat At Hill 731 March 1941
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Author : John Carr
language : en
Publisher: Pen and Sword Military
Release Date : 2020-12-28
Mussolini S Defeat At Hill 731 March 1941 written by John Carr and has been published by Pen and Sword Military this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-12-28 with History categories.
This WWII history examines the most consequential and hard-fought battle between Greek and Italian forces in Albania. On March 9th, 1941, the Italians launched their Spring Offensive, designed to stem four months of humiliating reverses. Watched by Mussolini himself, the operation’s objective was a pair of parallel valleys dominated by the Greek-held Hill 731. The Italian Eighth Corps, part of Geloso’s 11th Army, had the task of seizing the heights, spearheaded by 38 (Puglie) Division. Holding the position was the Greek 1 Division of II Corps, with 4 and 6 Division on the flanks. For seventeen days, after a massive artillery barrage, the Italians threw themselves against the Evzones on the hill—only to be repeatedly smashed with appalling losses. It was a merciless fight at close quarters, where bayonets held the place of honor but the battered Greeks held. Mussolini had wanted a spring victory to impress the Führer. Instead, the bloody debacle of Hill 731 could well have contributed to Hitler’s decision to postpone his invasion of Russia. John Carr sheds light on this consequential episode in the Mediterranean theater of operations.
The Hollow Legions
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Author : Mario Cervi
language : en
Publisher: Chatto & Windus
Release Date : 1972
The Hollow Legions written by Mario Cervi and has been published by Chatto & Windus this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1972 with World War, 1939-1945 categories.
The Defence And Fall Of Greece 1940 41
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Author : John Carr
language : en
Publisher: Pen and Sword
Release Date : 2013-07-02
The Defence And Fall Of Greece 1940 41 written by John Carr and has been published by Pen and Sword this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-07-02 with History categories.
This military history of the WWII Battle of Greece presents a vivid and detailed account with special focus on the Greek forces defending their homeland. On October 28th, 1940, the Greek Prime Minister Ioannis Metaxas refused to accept an ultimatum from Italy’s Fascist leader Benito Mussolini. Immediately upon his refusal, Italian forces began the invasion of Greece via Albania. This aggression was prompted by Mussolini's desire for a quick victory to rival Hitler's rapid conquest of France and the Low Countries. But Mussolini had underestimated the skill and determination of the defenders. Within weeks, the Italian invaders were driven back over the border and Greek forces actually advanced deep into Albania. Eventually, Hitler was forced to intervene, sending German forces into Greece via Bulgaria on April 6th. The Greeks, assisted by British forces, were overwhelmed by the Germans and their blitzkrieg tactics. After Athens fell on April 27th, the British evacuated to Crete. But the following month, German airborn troops invaded and eventually took the strategically vital island. John Carr's masterful account of these desperate campaigns draws heavily on Greek sources to emphasize the oft-neglected experience of Greeks soldiers and their contribution to the fight against fascism.
Regio Esercito
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Author : Patrick Cloutier
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2009
Regio Esercito written by Patrick Cloutier and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009 with Italy categories.
Regio Esercito: the Italian Royal Army in Mussolini's Wars, 1935-1943. A history of the Italian Army's campaigns in Ethiopia, Spain, North Africa, Greece, Yugoslavia, Russia, and Sicily. The Italian Army's Wars are examined from Italian, Russian, and German perspectives, among others. Includes translated Russian passages. Mr. Cloutier brings attention to Italian battlefield successes; he examines a few strategic situations of World War 2, and holds that Italian forces were at times a key asset, whose misuse by the Axis cost them important victories. 178 pages, 77 maps, 34 photos, numerous illustrations, and appendices.
Diary Of A Disaster
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Author : Robin Higham
language : en
Publisher: University Press of Kentucky
Release Date : 2009-11-10
Diary Of A Disaster written by Robin Higham and has been published by University Press of Kentucky this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-11-10 with History categories.
On October 28, 1940, the Italian army under Benito Mussolini invaded Greece. The British had insisted on guaranteeing Greek and Turkish neutrality, despite the fact that Greece was never more than a limited campaign in an unlimited war as far as they were concerned. The British, however, were never quite sure that Greece was not their last foothold in Europe, and they harbored dreams of holding on to this last bastion of civilization and of protecting it with a diplomatic and military alliance -- a Balkan bloc. These dreams bore little relation to military and economic realities, and so the stage was set for tragedy. In Diary of a Disaster, Robin Higham details the unfolding events from the invasion, though the Italian defeat and the subsequent German invasion, until the British evacuation at the end of April 1941. The Greek army, while tough, was small and based largely upon reserves. They were also largely equipped with obsolete French, Polish, and Czech arms for which there was now no other source than captured Italian materiel. Transportation was also lacking as Greece lacked all-weather roads over much of the country, had no all-weather airport, and only one rail line connecting Athens with Salonika and Florina in the north. Added to the woes of the Greek military, the British commander-in-chief for the Middle East, Sir Archibald Wavell, faced huge logistical challenges as well. Based in Cairo, he was responsible for a huge theatre of operation, from hostile Vichy French forces in Syria to the Boers in South Africa nearly six thousand miles away. His air force was comprised of only a handful of modern aircraft with biplanes and outdated, early monoplanes making up the bulk of his force. Radar was also unavailable to him. His navy was woefully short on destroyers and often incommunicado while at sea. While Wavell had roughly 500,000 men under his command, he was severely limited in how he could use them. The South Africans could only be deployed in East Africa and the Austrians and New Zealanders could not be employed without the consent of their home governments. In short, Churchill had instructed Wavell to offer support that he did not really have and could not afford to give to the Greeks. Higham walks readers through these events as they unfold like a modern Greek tragedy. Using the format of a diary, he recounts day-by-day the British efforts though the failure of Operation Lustre, which no one outside of London thought had any chance of stemming the Nazi tide in Greece.