Nanomagnetism And Spintronics
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Nanomagnetism And Spintronics
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Author : Teruya Shinjo
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2009-06-29
Nanomagnetism And Spintronics written by Teruya Shinjo and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-06-29 with Science categories.
Spintronics is a newly developing area in the field of magnetism, in which the interplay of magnetism and transport phenomena is studied experimentally and theoretically. This book introduces the recent progresses in the research relating to spintronics. Presents in-depth analysis of this fascinating and technologically important new branch of nanoscience Edited text with contributions from acknowledged leaders in the field This handbook and guide will appeal to students and researchers in the fields of electronic devices and materials
Nanomagnetism And Spintronics
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Author : Farzad Nasirpouri
language : en
Publisher: World Scientific
Release Date : 2011
Nanomagnetism And Spintronics written by Farzad Nasirpouri and has been published by World Scientific this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with Science categories.
Nanomagnetism and spintronics are two close subfields of nanoscience, explaining the effect of substantial magnetic properties of matter when the materials fabrication is realized at a comparable length size. Nanomagnetism deals with the magnetic phenomena specific to the structures having dimensions in the submicron range. The fact that the electronic transport properties of materials are dependent on the magnetic properties' artificial nanostructures, i.e., giant magnetoresistance (GMR) or tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR), has revolutionized spintronics science and technology. This book explains the concepts of nanomagnetism and spintronics by viewing the most recent research works from internationally distinguished research groups. Placing special emphasis on crucial fundamental and technical aspects of nanomagnetism and spintronics, it serves as a one-stop reference for universities offering postgraduate programs in nanotechnology or related disciplines. This unique book deals with all three stages required for conducting research in nanomagnetism and spintronics including fabrication, characterization and applications of nanomagnetic and spintronics materials, providing general concepts and an insightful overview of this subject for research students and scientists from different backgrounds investigating the multidisciplinary area of nanotechnology.
Nanomagnetism And Spintronics
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Author : Teruo Ono
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Release Date : 2013-10-07
Nanomagnetism And Spintronics written by Teruo Ono and has been published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-10-07 with Science categories.
Dynamical behavior of magnetic domain wall (DW) is one of the main issues in the field of spintronics. In this chapter, several experimental studies in DW dynamics in nanomagnetic systems are described. For the study of DW motion in nanoscale wires, samples with a trilayer structure, ferromagnetic/nonmagnetic/ferromagnetic, were prepared and the position of DW was estimated from electrical resistance measurements using giant magnetoresistance principle. The velocity of DW driven by an external field has been evaluated from the resistance change. On the other hand, current-driven DW motion in a single wire of ferromagnetic layer was studied by magnetic force microscopy (MFM). All-electrical control and local detection of multiple magnetic DWs are also shown. Magnetic vortex structures are realized in nanoscale ferromagnetic dot systems. The behavior of vortex core magnetization was observed by MFM. Recent topics such as the switching of vortex core driven by a high frequency AC are introduced. Furthermore, all-electrical operation of a magnetic vortex core memory cell is demonstrated.
Nanomagnetism And Spintronics
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Author : Teruya Shinjo
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Release Date : 2013-10-07
Nanomagnetism And Spintronics written by Teruya Shinjo and has been published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-10-07 with Science categories.
This overview is a brief introduction to the subjects covered by this book, nanomagnetism and spintronics. The discovery of giant magnetoresistance (GMR) effect is described together with a short summary of the studies prior to the experiments on GMR. Studies on various kinds of magnetoresistance (MR) effect that were inspired by the GMR effect are reviewed and recent topics are introduced. In many novel phenomena involving the interplay of electric conductance and magnetization, the role of the “spin current” has been revealed to be important and the possibility for exploiting these phenomena in spintronics devices has been suggested. Nanoscale devices are indispensable to fundamental studies on spintronics and also to various technical devices, and therefore gaining an understanding of nanomagnetism is a crucial current issue. At the end of this section, the scope of this book is described in brief with the content of each chapter.
Nanomagnetism And Spintronics
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Author : Yoshishige Suzuki
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Release Date : 2013-10-07
Nanomagnetism And Spintronics written by Yoshishige Suzuki and has been published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-10-07 with Science categories.
Current and voltage applied to the magnetic nanopillars induce a spin injection and an accumulation of nonequilibrium charges in a nanosize magnetic cell and result a spin torque exerted on the magnetic moment. Using such torques, we may amplify a precession of magnetization and induct a magnetization switching. These phenomena provide new techniques to write information into tiny magnetic cells and to construct oscillators and rectifiers that are several tens of nanometers in size. In this chapter, spin injections, and current and voltage-induced spin torques in magnetic multilayers, which show giant magnetoresistance effect in current-perpendicular-to-plane (CPP-GMR) geometry, and magnetic tunneling junctions are described. Further, mechanisms of spin injection and voltage-induced magnetization switching and its high-speed observations are explained. Then, phenomena related to spin injection, namely, spin-transfer oscillation and the spin-torque diode effect, are described. Finally, applications related to the spin-injection technology are reviewed.
Nanomagnetism And Spintronics
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Author : André Thiaville
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Release Date : 2013-10-07
Nanomagnetism And Spintronics written by André Thiaville and has been published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-10-07 with Science categories.
Spin-transfer torque manifests itself in two main geometries, either submicrometer diameter pillars composed of magnetic multilayers, flooded by a current perpendicular to plane (CPP), or nanowires with current flowing in their plane (CIP). The first situation can be described rather well, from the magnetic point of view, in the framework of the macrospin model (see by Y. Suzuki). In the latter case, the typical situation is that of a magnetic domain wall under CIP current, with many internal degrees of freedom. In by H. Kohno and G. Tatara, a simplest model of the domain wall, called collective coordinates model, has been introduced to study this question. In this chapter, we will address the entire manifold of the degrees of freedom in the domain wall by micromagnetic numerical simulations, and apply this to the physics of CIP spin transfer in magnetic domain walls. We will consider soft magnetic materials only, where domain wall structures and dynamics are controlled by magnetostatics. This corresponds to the largest part of experiments that have been performed up to now, soft magnetic materials having generally lower coercive forces and domain wall propagation fields. The experimental counterpart to this chapter can be found in , by T. Ono and T. Shinjo. After briefly introducing micromagnetics and the typology of domain walls in samples shaped into nanostrips, we start by reviewing the field-driven dynamics in such samples. This situation was indeed considered first, historically, and led to the introduction of several useful concepts. Prominent among them are the separation between steady-state and precessional regimes, and the existence of a maximum velocity for a domain wall. The spin-transfer torque-induced domain wall dynamics will then be addressed, considering first the implementation of the CIP spin transfer torque in micromagnetics, with several components as introduced by theory. Comparison will be made to the field-driven case, with similarities and differences highlighted. In the nascent field of nanomagnetism and spintronics, micromagnetics can be considered to play the role of a translator. There are on one side experiments and on the other side theories about interaction between magnetization and spin-polarized electrical currents. Micromagnetics is a tool that translates the equations of the latter into quantitative predictions that can be compared to the former. Considering the present state of the subject of this book, with rapidly advancing experiments and theories, keeping in touch those two aspects of research is very important for its sound development. This is the objective of this chapter.
Nanomagnetism And Spintronics
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Author : Hiroshi Kohno
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Release Date : 2013-10-07
Nanomagnetism And Spintronics written by Hiroshi Kohno and has been published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-10-07 with Science categories.
Current-driven domain-wall motion and related phenomena are reviewed from a theoretical point of view. In the first part, the dynamics of a rigid domain wall is described based on the collective-coordinate method. After an elementary introduction, the equations of motion are derived for a wall under current, whose effects enter as a spin-transfer effect and a momentum-transfer effect (force). The wall motion is studied in detail, and several depinning mechanisms are found. In the second part, a microscopic derivation of spin torques is described for slowly varying magnetic texture. In addition to the well-established spin-transfer torque, two new torques are shown to arise from the spin-relaxation process and the nonadiabatic process (reflection) of conduction electrons. These new torques act as forces on a rigid wall. Some related topics are described in the third part, which includes current-driven dynamics of magnetic vortices and the current-induced spin-wave instability and domain-wall nucleation.
Nanomagnetism And Spintronics
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Author : Fumihiro Matsukura
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Release Date : 2013-10-07
Nanomagnetism And Spintronics written by Fumihiro Matsukura and has been published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-10-07 with Science categories.
III–V compound semiconductors such as GaAs and InAs alloyed with Mn exhibit ferromagnetism. The magnetic, electrical, and optical properties of ferromagnetic III–V semiconductors are first compiled along with the way to prepare the epitaxial films and the effect of postgrowth annealing. Theories available to explain the magnetism in these alloys are then presented. Because the ferromagnetic semiconductors are compatible with epitaxial III–V heterostructures, a number of device structures have been examined and shown to reveal a wide variety of phenomena that either cannot be realized or are very difficult to observe in ferromagnetic metal structures. The unique properties revealed by ferromagnetic semiconductor structures, ranging from reversible electric field control of ferromagnetic phase transition to generating velocity versus current-density curves of current-induced domain wall motion, are then reviewed. The prospect of realizing high-transition temperature is discussed in the last section.
Nanomagnetism And Spintronics
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Author : Jun-ichiro Inoue
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
Release Date : 2013-10-07
Nanomagnetism And Spintronics written by Jun-ichiro Inoue and has been published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-10-07 with Science categories.
Novel magnetotransport phenomena appear when magnet sizes become nanoscale. Typical examples of such phenomena are giant magnetoresistance (GMR) in magnetic multilayers, tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) in ferromagnetic tunnel junctions, and ballistic magnetoresistance (BMR) in magnetic nanocontacts. In this chapter, we first briefly review the relationship between spin-dependent resistivity and electronic structures in metals and alloys, and describe microscopic methods for investigating electrical transport. We then review the essential aspects of GMR, TMR, and BMR, emphasizing the role of the electronic structures of the constituent metals of these junctions and the effects of roughness on the electrical resistivity (or resistance). The important factors that control GMR are shown to be the spin-dependent random potential at interfaces and band matching/mismatching between magnetic and nonmagnetic layers. For TMR, several factors are shown to be important in determining the MR ratio, including the shape of the Fermi surface of the electrodes, the symmetry of the wave functions, electron scattering at interfaces, and spin-slip tunneling. An interpretation of TMR in Fe/MgO/Fe and of an oscillation of TMR is presented. TMR in granular films and in the Coulomb-blockade regime is also described. We also provide a brief explanation for other MR effects, such as normal MR, anisotropic MR (AMR) and colossal MR (CMR) in order to clarify the essential difference between these MRs and GMR, TMR, and BMR. These MR effects are attributed to the spin-dependent electrical currents produced in metallic ferromagnets. After the discovery of these different MR effects, the role of spin current was proposed, for example, spin Hall effect and the effects of spin transfer torque, which will be briefly explained in this chapter. The former orginates from the spin–orbit interaction, and can be observed even in nonmagnetic metals and semiconductors. It is closely related to the anomalous Hall effect observed in ferromagnetic metals. The spin transfer torque is an inverse effect of the MR. The MR is the resistivity change produced by magnetization rotation in ferromagnetic junctions, while the spin transfer torque is an effect in which spin-polarized current makes the magnetization rotate. Finally, we briefly introduce the coupled effects of spin, charge, and heat transport, which are called spin caloritronics.
Handbook Of Nanomagnetism
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Author : Rosa A. Lukaszew
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2015-10-06
Handbook Of Nanomagnetism written by Rosa A. Lukaszew and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-10-06 with Technology & Engineering categories.
This unique handbook compiles and details cutting-edge research in nanomagnetism and its applications in spintronics, magnetoplasmonics, and nonlinear magneto-optics. Fundamental aspects of magnetism relevant to nanodevices and new spin-transfer torque random-access memory (STT-RAM), current-induced domain wall motion memory, and spin torque oscillators, as well as highly anisotropic materials and topics on magnetization damping are developed in detail in the book. New paradigms such as molecule-based magnets (MBMs), which are a promisingly adaptive class of solids poised to open new frontiers of exploration, are also covered. The relationship between magnetism and nonlinear optics and the new field of magnetoplasmonics is also developed in detail. The book also includes a thorough chapter on spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy (SP-STM), which enables studying magnetic phenomena on surfaces with real-space imaging and spectroscopy techniques down to the atomic level. All these topics are developed by an interdisciplinary team of leading experts in their pertinent fields. The book will certainly appeal to anyone involved in nanomagnetism and its application in spintronic nanodevices and nonlinear magneto-optics.