Natural Gas Powered Cars And Trucks
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Natural Gas Powered Cars And Trucks
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Author : Hayley Ackerman
language : en
Publisher: Nova Science Publishers
Release Date : 2015
Natural Gas Powered Cars And Trucks written by Hayley Ackerman and has been published by Nova Science Publishers this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with Alternative fuel vehicle industry categories.
The increase in domestic supplies of natural gas has raised new interest in expanding its use in the transportation sector. This book considers issues related to wider use of natural gas as a fuel in passenger cars and commercial vehicles. This book is designed to help fleets understand the cost factors associated with fueling infrastructure for compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicles. It provides estimated cost ranges for various sizes and types of CNG fueling stations and an overview of factors that contribute to the total cost of an installed station; and describes how the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) used the VICE model to establish guidance for fleets making decisions about using CNG.
Natural Gas For Cars And Trucks
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Author : Congressional Research Service
language : en
Publisher: Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
Release Date : 2014-11-19
Natural Gas For Cars And Trucks written by Congressional Research Service and has been published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-11-19 with categories.
The increase in domestic supplies of natural gas has raised new interest in expanding its use in the transportation sector. This report considers issues related to wider use of natural gas as a fuel in passenger cars and commercial vehicles. The attractiveness of natural gas as a vehicle fuel is premised in large part on its low price (on an energy-equivalent basis) compared to gasoline and diesel fuel. When prices for gasoline and diesel are relatively low or natural gas prices are relatively high, natural-gas-based fuels lose much of their price advantage. While natural gas has other benefits-such as producing lower emissions than gasoline and diesel and protecting users of transportation fuels from the volatility of the international oil market-it is largely the cost advantage, if any, that will determine the future attractiveness of natural gas vehicles. There are a number of technology pathways that could lead to greater use of natural gas in transportation. Some require pressurized systems to use natural gas in a gaseous state, and others convert natural gas to a liquid. Two of the most widely discussed options use compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG). Other technological approaches use liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), propane, and hydrogen. In addition, natural gas can be used to generate electricity to power electric vehicles. Increasing the use of natural gas to fuel vehicles would require creation of an extensive nationwide refueling infrastructure. Although a small number of CNG vehicles have been on U.S. roads for more than 20 years, CNG use has been limited to vehicles that return to a central garage for refueling each day, such as refuse trucks, short-haul trucks, and city buses. LNG, on the other hand, requires large insulated tanks to keep the liquefied gas at a very low temperature and is therefore seen as more suitable for long-haul trucks. In both cases, the limited availability of refueling stations has limited the distances and routes these vehicles may travel. Congress has taken a strong interest in spurring production and use of natural gas vehicles. Legislation has been introduced on a wide range of proposals that would equalize the tax treatment of LNG and diesel fuels, provide tax credits for natural gas vehicles and refueling equipment, require the production of vehicles that could run on several different fuels (such as gasoline and CNG), increase federal research and development on natural gas vehicle tank and fuel line technologies, and revise vehicle emission regulations to encourage manufacturers to produce more CNG passenger cars. Legislation pending in the 113th Congress includes proposals that would extend expired tax credits for refueling property and fuel cell vehicles (S. 2260), authorize the use of energy savings performance contracts to support the use of natural gas and electric vehicles (S. 761), and require the U.S. Postal Service to study the feasibility of using natural gas and propane in long-haul trucks (S. 1486).
Natural Gas For Vehicles 1995
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Author : Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (Organization). Regional Energy Cooperation Working Group
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1995
Natural Gas For Vehicles 1995 written by Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (Organization). Regional Energy Cooperation Working Group and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1995 with Automobiles categories.
21st Century Complete Guide To Natural Gas Vehicles Covering Alternative Fuel Vehicles Afv Compressed Natural Gas Cng Liquefied Natural Gas Lng Technology Safety And Refueling Issues
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Author : Department of Energy
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017-10-29
21st Century Complete Guide To Natural Gas Vehicles Covering Alternative Fuel Vehicles Afv Compressed Natural Gas Cng Liquefied Natural Gas Lng Technology Safety And Refueling Issues written by Department of Energy and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-10-29 with categories.
This comprehensive and up-to-date book provides a unique guide to natural gas vehicles, compiling ten official documents with details of every aspect of the issue: CNG and LNG designs, success stories, references, information on safety and refueling issues, and much more. Contents include: Part 1: UPS CNG Truck Fleet Final Results, Alternative Fuel Truck Evaluation Project * Part 2: Clean Cities 2010 Vehicle Buyer's Guide - Natural Gas, Propane, Hybrid Electric, Ethanol, Biodiesel * Part 3: Natural Gas Vehicles: Status, Barriers, and Opportunities * Part 4: White Paper on Natural Gas Vehicles: Status, Barriers, and Opportunities * Part 5: Natural Gas Passenger Vehicles: Availability, Cost, and Performance * Part 6: Clean Alternative Fuels: Compressed Natural Gas * Part 7: Clean Alternative Fuels: Liquefied Natural Gas * Part 8: EPA Case Study: Tests Demonstrate Safety of Natural-Gas Vehicles for King County Police * Part 9: Resource Guide for Heavy-Duty LNG Vehicles, Infrastructure, and Support Operations * Part 10: Senate Hearing - Usage of Natural Gas - To Assess the Opportunities For, Current Level of Investment In, and Barriers to the Expanded Usage of Natural Gas as a Fuel for Transportation (2012) While natural gas is often used as the energy source for residential, commercial, and industrial processes, engines designed to run on gasoline or diesel can also be modified to operate on natural gas - a clean burning fuel. Natural gas vehicles (NGVs) can be dedicated to natural gas as a fuel source, or they can be bi-fuel, running on either natural gas or gasoline, or natural gas or diesel, although most natural gas engines are spark ignited. Natural gas engine technologies can differ in the following ways: the method used to ignite the fuel in the cylinders, the air-fuel ratio, the compression ratio, and the resulting performance and emissions capabilities. Natural gas has a high octane rating, which in spark ignition engines (usual for CNG) allows an increase in power. However, natural gas occupies a larger volume in the cylinder than liquid fuels, reducing the number of oxygen molecules (share of air in the cylinder), which reduces power. The net effect on natural gas power vs. gasoline is relatively neutral. However, since it is a gaseous fuel at atmospheric pressure and occupies a considerably larger storage volume per unit of energy than refined petroleum liquids, it is stored on-board the vehicle in either a compressed gaseous or liquefied state. The storage requirements are still much greater than for refined petroleum products. This increases vehicle weight, which tends to reduce fuel economy. To become compressed natural gas (CNG), it is pressurized in a tank at up to 3,600 pounds per square inch. Typically, in sedans, the tank is mounted in the trunk or replaces the existing fuel tank; on trucks, the tank is mounted on the frame; and on buses, it is mounted on top of the roof. Although tanks can be made completely from metal, they are typically composed of metal liners reinforced by a wrap of composite fiber material with pressure-relief devices designed to withstand impact. Tanks do increase the vehicle weight, and with the lower energy density of natural gas, vehicle ranges are generally reduced. To become liquefied natural gas (LNG), natural gas is cooled to -260 °F and filtered to remove impurities. LNG is stored in double-wall, vacuum-insulated pressure tanks and is primarily used on heavy-duty trucks, providing increased range over CNG. NGVs and their respective fueling systems must meet stringent industry and government standards for compression, storage, and fueling. They are designed to perform safely during both normal operations and crash situations. Nozzles and vehicle receptacles are designed to keep fuel from escaping.
Natural Gas For Cars And Trucks
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Author : Bill Canis
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
Natural Gas For Cars And Trucks written by Bill Canis and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with Alternative fuel vehicles categories.
Natural Gas Vehicles
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Author : John G. Ingersoll
language : en
Publisher: Prentice Hall
Release Date : 1996
Natural Gas Vehicles written by John G. Ingersoll and has been published by Prentice Hall this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1996 with Science categories.
Recent advances in the technologies necessary to make natural gas vehicles a practical reality have led to a surge of interest in developing the necessary infrastructure for broader market penetration. This important reference contains a compendium of up-to-the-minute information addressing every aspect of natural gas vehicles, including cost parameters, environmental benefits, and an examination of market penetration strategies. The book provides a comprehensive assessment of natural gas as a vehicular fuel, covering availability issues, recent breakthroughs in vehicle on-board storage, and comparison with other low-polluting fuel technologies, including hydrogen and methane. The roles for federal, state and local governments, auto manufacturers and natural gas suppliers in making both natural gas vehicles and the fuel to operate them widely available, are examined.
Developing Dedicated Natural Gas Vehicle Technology
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Author :
language : en
Publisher: SAE International
Release Date : 1992
Developing Dedicated Natural Gas Vehicle Technology written by and has been published by SAE International this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1992 with Technology & Engineering categories.
This interesting and informative publication contains 21 student papers describing approaches for natural gas conversion and operation, emissions control, and cold and hot start driveability for the SAE 1992 Natural Gas Vehicle Challenge. Partial contents include: liquefied natural gas conversion of a GMC truck; the development of GM's natural gas powered Sierra pick-up; the NGV challenge: a controlled environment for natural gas; conversion of a light duty truck to dedicated compressed natural gas operation; and development of a viable dedicated natural gas vehicle.
Natural Gas As A Future Fuel For Heavy Duty Vehicles
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2001
Natural Gas As A Future Fuel For Heavy Duty Vehicles written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001 with categories.
In addition to their significant environmental impacts, medium-duty and heavy-duty (HD) vehicles are high volume fuel users. Development of such vehicles, which include transit buses, refuse trucks, and HD Class 6-8 trucks, that are fueled with natural gas is strategic to market introduction of natural gas vehicles (NGV). Over the past five years the Department of Energy's (DOE) Office of Heavy Vehicle Technologies (OHVT) has funded technological developments in NGV systems to support the growth of this sector in the highly competitive transportation market. The goals are to minimize emissions associated with NGV use, to improve on the economies of scale, and to continue supporting the testing and safety assessments of all new systems. This paper provides an overview of the status of major projects under a program supported by DOE/OHVT and managed by Brookhaven National Laboratory. The discussion focuses on the program's technical strategy in meeting specific goals proposed by the N GV industry and the government. Relevant projects include the development of low-cost fuel storage, fueling infrastructure, and HD vehicle applications.
Natural Gas For Vehicles In Canada
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Author : Brian D. Sumner
language : en
Publisher: [Calgary] : Canadian Energy Research Institute
Release Date : 1985
Natural Gas For Vehicles In Canada written by Brian D. Sumner and has been published by [Calgary] : Canadian Energy Research Institute this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1985 with Technology & Engineering categories.
From the Executive Summary: This report compares the NGV markets in Italy, New Zealand, the United States and Canada with the emphasis on identifying reasons why natural gas is an attractive fuel for vehicles in Italy and New Zealand while apparently much less so in the U.S. and Canada. Identifying the reasons for low NGV penetration in Canada suggests means by which NGV can be made more competitive with conventional sources of transportation energy. The research has indicated that serious obstacles have so far prevented NGV from becoming the fuel of choice for many potential vehicle convertors. These include: - fuel price differential uncertainty, - high vehicle conversion costs, - high compression equipment costs, - tough competition from propane, - a demonstrated lack of government vehicle conversion commitment, - a low-key marketing effort, - certain institutional barriers to NGV use, and lack of technological developments.
Issues Affecting Adoption Of Natural Gas Fuel In Light And Heavy Duty Vehicles
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2010
Issues Affecting Adoption Of Natural Gas Fuel In Light And Heavy Duty Vehicles written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with categories.
This report provides a preliminary examination of the incentives and barriers for adopting compressed natural gas (CNG) as the fuel for light-duty passenger cars, heavy duty combination trucks, and fleet vehicles of all types. In all cases the primary incentive to switch from gasoline or diesel fuel to natural gas is the potential savings in fuel costs. Additional benefits at a national level include a reduction in foreign oil imports and reduced vehicle emissions. Barriers to application of CNG to passenger vehicles include the cost premium for the vehicle, significant competition from hybrid vehicles, limited original equipment manufacturer vehicle selection, high cost and poor selection for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency-approved vehicle conversions, and a limited public refueling infrastructure. The purchase and maintenance costs for operating a compressor at home to refuel from a residential gas source is less cost effective than using a public refueling station and provides fuel at a lower cost than gasoline only in regions of the country with the lowest natural gas prices. Heavy-duty vehicles using liquefied natural gas (LNG) with a high-pressure direct injection system (HPDI) engine have improved driving range, efficiency, and power compared to a similar vehicle using CNG with a spark-ignited engine. However, use of LNG makes the lack of a refueling infrastructure even more critical because CNG stations far outnumber LNG stations. Despite the fact that an LNG-equipped truck is much more expensive than a diesel truck, the payback in terms of fuel cost is more rapid than a passenger vehicle because of the higher number of miles travelled per year and the much lower fuel mileage, which increases the potential fuel cost savings. The most attractive opportunity for natural gas vehicles is for fleet vehicles operating in regions with low natural gas prices because of 1) the ability of the vehicles to return to a captive refueling infrastructure and 2) the relatively high number of miles driven per year. Displacing a major fraction of gasoline and diesel vehicles will require significant incremental investments in the natural gas infrastructure. Incremental investments to reach a 20-percent penetration of the vehicle fuel market (the point at which a market may become self-sustaining) assuming an LNG/CNG refueling station infrastructure are estimated to be ~$87 billion for production and distribution, ~$68 billion for refueling stations and ~$72 billion for liquefaction capacity. Cost would increase proportionally if 56-percent market penetration is assumed, which would be necessary to displace vehicle fuel attributable to imported oil. While investments in natural gas production will occur without additional incentives as demand increases, the same may not be true for public refueling stations, which require that a threshold number of CNG vehicles be on the road before the stations become profitable. Measures that may help develop the refueling infrastructure are incentivizing private refueling stations to provide public access, incentivizing public refueling station construction, and encouraging bi-fuel vehicles that can utilize a limited CNG refueling infrastructure where available but still operate in areas were CNG refueling stations are not available. The potential impact on oil imports is about 2.6 times greater for on-road gasoline vehicles than for on-road diesel vehicles. This is due to a combination of a larger fraction of a barrel of oil being converted to gasoline combined with a higher percentage of gasoline being used for on-road vehicles. However, the greatest impact is obtained by use of natural gas to displace both gasoline and diesel fuel.