Neural Mechanisms For Decisions Based On Sequential Samples Of Evidence
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Neural Mechanisms For Decisions Based On Sequential Samples Of Evidence
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Author : Shinichiro Kira
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
Neural Mechanisms For Decisions Based On Sequential Samples Of Evidence written by Shinichiro Kira and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with categories.
Difficult decisions often require evaluation of samples of evidence that are acquired sequentially. If samples of evidence differ in their reliability and an unlimited number of samples can be acquired sequentially, the optimal decision strategy is to accumulate evidence in units of log likelihood ratio (logLR) until the accumulated evidence exceeds a predefined threshold, or bound. For this dissertation, I hypothesized that the brain makes probabilistic inferences and decisions by such bonded accumulation of evidence. I trained monkeys to make decisions based on a sequential presentation of visual shapes. Shapes conferred probabilistic evidence that differed in predicting which target would furnish a reward. The stream of shape presentation continued until the monkeys indicated their decisions by eye movements. I found that the monkeys terminated their decisions when the cumulative logLR reached a stereotyped bound, on average. Firing rates of neurons in the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) reflected the accumulated evidence (i.e., the cumulative logLR) and also reached a stereotyped level before the monkeys committed to a decision. LIP activity explained the monkeys' choices and reaction times that reasonably approximated those expected by the optimal strategy. Psychophysical bounds for decision termination often decline in a time-dependent manner, which has been hypothesized to reflect a decision-making strategy that incorporates the cost of elapsed time. In the second part of my dissertation, I tested this hypothesis by manipulating time-cost in a perceptual choice reaction-time task. Specifically, I introduced provisional deadlines while human subjects made decisions about the direction of a random-dot motion stimulus. The pattern of choices and reaction times were explained by bounded accumulation of evidence. Termination bounds were found to decline as a function of time, which was exaggerated in response to the time-cost manipulation. In most of the previous studies of decision making in LIP, the monkeys were aware of the specific eye movement that would result from their decisions while they deliberated on the decision. Thus, it remained unknown whether evidence accumulation in LIP neurons was an abstract representation of the decision itself or a reflection of the impending eye movement. I modified the sequential sampling task, by preventing the monkey from planning a specific eye movement while it accumulated evidence. LIP neurons did not show evidence-dependent activity during the early phase of evidence accumulation period although the evidence provided in this phase affected the monkey's ultimate choice. The result suggests that LIP activity does not represent accumulated evidence per se, but only in preparation for an impending saccade. These experiments demonstrate that a bounded accumulation of evidence explains various types of decision-making such as probabilistic inference and perceptual discrimination. For monkeys, the bounded accumulation of evidence is represented in LIP activity when decisions are formed in parallel with a preparation for a specific eye movement.
Dynamics Of Decision Making From Evidence To Preference And Belief
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Author : Erica Yu
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers E-books
Release Date : 2014-10-24
Dynamics Of Decision Making From Evidence To Preference And Belief written by Erica Yu and has been published by Frontiers E-books this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-10-24 with Decision making categories.
At the core of the many debates throughout cognitive science concerning how decisions are made are the processes governing the time course of preference formation and decision. From perceptual choices, such as whether the signal on a radar screen indicates an enemy missile or a spot on a CT scan indicates a tumor, to cognitive value-based decisions, such as selecting an agreeable flatmate or deciding the guilt of a defendant, significant and everyday decisions are dynamic over time. Phenomena such as decoy effects, preference reversals and order effects are still puzzling researchers. For example, in a legal context, jurors receive discrete pieces of evidence in sequence, and must integrate these pieces together to reach a singular verdict. From a standard Bayesian viewpoint the order in which people receive the evidence should not influence their final decision, and yet order effects seem a robust empirical phenomena in many decision contexts. Current research on how decisions unfold, especially in a dynamic environment, is advancing our theoretical understanding of decision making. This Research Topic aims to review and further explore the time course of a decision - from how prior beliefs are formed to how those beliefs are used and updated over time, towards the formation of preferences and choices and post-decision processes and effects. Research literatures encompassing varied approaches to the time-scale of decisions will be brought into scope: a) Speeded decisions (and post-decision processes) that require the accumulation of noisy and possibly non-stationary perceptual evidence (e.g., randomly moving dots stimuli), within a few seconds, with or without temporal uncertainty. b) Temporally-extended, value-based decisions that integrate feedback values (e.g., gambling machines) and internally-generated decision criteria (e.g., when one switches attention, selectively, between the various aspects of several choice alternatives). c) Temporally extended, belief-based decisions that build on the integration of evidence, which interacts with the decision maker's belief system, towards the updating of the beliefs and the formation of judgments and preferences (as in the legal context). Research that emphasizes theoretical concerns (including optimality analysis) and mechanisms underlying the decision process, both neural and cognitive, is presented, as well as research that combines experimental and computational levels of analysis.
Cognitive Choice Modeling
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Author : Zheng Joyce Wang
language : en
Publisher: MIT Press
Release Date : 2021-03-09
Cognitive Choice Modeling written by Zheng Joyce Wang and has been published by MIT Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-03-09 with Science categories.
The emerging interdisciplinary field of cognitive choice models integrates theory and recent research findings from both decision process and choice behavior. Cognitive decision processes provide the interface between the environment and brain, enabling choice behavior, and the basic cognitive mechanisms underlying decision processes are fundamental to all fields of human activity. Yet cognitive processes and choice processes are often studied separately, whether by decision theorists, consumer researchers, or social scientists. In Cognitive Choice Modeling, Zheng Joyce Wang and Jerome R. Busemeyer introduce a new cognitive modeling approach to the study of human choice behavior. Integrating recent research findings from both cognitive science and choice behavior, they lay the groundwork for the emerging interdisciplinary field of cognitive choice modeling.
Encyclopedia Of Computational Neuroscience
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Author : Dieter Jaeger
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date :
Encyclopedia Of Computational Neuroscience written by Dieter Jaeger and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on with Computational neuroscience categories.
Goal Directed Decision Making
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Author : Richard W. Morris
language : en
Publisher: Academic Press
Release Date : 2018-08-23
Goal Directed Decision Making written by Richard W. Morris and has been published by Academic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-08-23 with Science categories.
Goal-Directed Decision Making: Computations and Neural Circuits examines the role of goal-directed choice. It begins with an examination of the computations performed by associated circuits, but then moves on to in-depth examinations on how goal-directed learning interacts with other forms of choice and response selection. This is the only book that embraces the multidisciplinary nature of this area of decision-making, integrating our knowledge of goal-directed decision-making from basic, computational, clinical, and ethology research into a single resource that is invaluable for neuroscientists, psychologists and computer scientists alike. The book presents discussions on the broader field of decision-making and how it has expanded to incorporate ideas related to flexible behaviors, such as cognitive control, economic choice, and Bayesian inference, as well as the influences that motivation, context and cues have on behavior and decision-making. Details the neural circuits functionally involved in goal-directed decision-making and the computations these circuits perform Discusses changes in goal-directed decision-making spurred by development and disorders, and within real-world applications, including social contexts and addiction Synthesizes neuroscience, psychology and computer science research to offer a unique perspective on the central and emerging issues in goal-directed decision-making
Neurobiology Of Decision Making
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Author : Antonio R. Damasio
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Neurobiology Of Decision Making written by Antonio R. Damasio and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Medical categories.
Neuroscience has paid only little attention to decision-making for many years. Although no field of science has cohered around this topic, a variety of researchers in different areas of neuroscience ranging from cellular physiology to neuropsychology and computational neuroscience have been engaged in working on this issue. Thus, the time seemed to be ripe to bring these researchers together and discuss the state of the art of the neurobiology of decision-making in a broad forum. This book is a collection of contributions presented at that forum in Paris in October 1994 organized by the Fondation IPSEN.
Lifting The Small Boats
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Author : International Monetary Fund. Communications Department
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 2015-09-02
Lifting The Small Boats written by International Monetary Fund. Communications Department and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-09-02 with Business & Economics categories.
IMF Managing Director Christine Lagarde’s speech of June 17, 2015, proposes policies and reforms to deal with growing social and economic inequality.
Decision Making Neural And Behavioural Approaches
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Author :
language : en
Publisher: Newnes
Release Date : 2013-01-10
Decision Making Neural And Behavioural Approaches written by and has been published by Newnes this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-01-10 with Psychology categories.
This well-established international series examines major areas of basic and clinical research within neuroscience, as well as emerging and promising subfields.This volume explores interdisciplinary research on decision making taking a neural and behavioural approach Leading authors review the state-of-the-art in their field of investigation, and provide their views and perspectives for future research Chapters are extensively referenced to provide readers with a comprehensive list of resources on the topics covered All chapters include comprehensive background information and are written in a clear form that is also accessible to the non-specialist
Computational Modeling In Cognition
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Author : Stephan Lewandowsky
language : en
Publisher: SAGE
Release Date : 2010-11-29
Computational Modeling In Cognition written by Stephan Lewandowsky and has been published by SAGE this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-11-29 with Psychology categories.
An accessible introduction to the principles of computational and mathematical modeling in psychology and cognitive science This practical and readable work provides students and researchers, who are new to cognitive modeling, with the background and core knowledge they need to interpret published reports, and develop and apply models of their own. The book is structured to help readers understand the logic of individual component techniques and their relationships to each other.
Information Theory Of Choice Reaction Times
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Author : Donald Richard John Laming
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1968
Information Theory Of Choice Reaction Times written by Donald Richard John Laming and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1968 with Choice (Psychology). categories.