New Approaches To Assess And Improve Protein Efficiency In Lactating Dairy Cows
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New Approaches To Assess And Improve Protein Efficiency In Lactating Dairy Cows
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Author : Enhong Liu
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2020
New Approaches To Assess And Improve Protein Efficiency In Lactating Dairy Cows written by Enhong Liu and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020 with Electronic dissertations categories.
The long-term goal of the work is to improve protein efficiency in lactating dairy cows. To achieve this goal, four specific objectives were proposed: 1) determine the relationship of residual feed intake (RFI) to protein efficiency in lactating Holstein cows fed high or low protein diets, 2) determine whether low protein resilience (LPR) is an indicator of protein efficiency in individual dairy cows, 3) examine the association of digestibility with RFI and LPR in lactating dairy cows, and 4) quantify the importance of including body weight (BW) change in the cow response to decreased dietary protein content and develop models for predicting BW change when dietary protein is altered. Lactating Holstein cows (n= 166; 92 primiparous, 77 multiparous) with initial milk yield (MY) of 41 ± 9.8 kg/d were fed high (HP) and low (LP) protein diets in crossover experiments of two 28-35 d periods. Experiments were repeated in 69 of the 166 cows (42 primiparous, 27 multiparous) in late lactation. Low protein diets were 14% CP in peak lactation and 13% CP in late lactation and were formulated to contain adequate rumen-degraded protein to maintain rumen function. Expeller soybean meal was added to formulate the HP diet, which contained 18% CP in peak lactation and 16% CP in late lactation. Cows were milked twice daily; DMI and MY were recorded once daily. Milk composition was measured over 4 consecutive milkings weekly, and BW was measured 3 times weekly. Samples of feed ingredients, orts and feces were collected in the last 5 days of each period and analyzed to determine digestibilities of DM, NDF, and CP for each cow on each diet. Fixed effects of diet, parity, treatment sequence nested in experiment, treatment period nested in experiment, interaction of parity and diet, and random effects of experiment and cow nested within experiment were included in models to compare production of cows fed different levels of CP. Protein efficiency was calculated for each cow on each diet in both peak lactation and late lactation. Residual feed intake was estimated for each cow on each treatment based on the actual intake, milk energy output, metabolic BW, and body energy change (estimated from BW change and BCS). Low protein resilience was estimated for each cow in peak lactation and also late lactation, based on protein captured in milk and body tissue when fed the LP vs HP diet. A negative correlation was observed between RFI and protein efficiency in cows fed the HP and LP diets in peak lactation and cows fed the HP diet in late lactation. Cows with higher LPR values had similar protein efficiency on the HP diet but significantly higher protein efficiency on the LP diet. Neither RFI nor LPR was correlated with digestibility regardless of diets or lactation stages. When dietary protein content was reduced, 40-50 % of the total energy loss, 10-20 % of total protein loss, and 15-25% of total income loss were due to BW loss, indicating that considering only changes in milk production underestimates the impact of dietary protein changes. In conclusion, 1) cows with lower RFI values utilized protein more efficiently, and protein efficiency will be improved in the process of selecting dairy cattle for low RFI, 2) cows with higher LPR values are better able to maintain production and have higher protein efficiency to adapt to low-protein feeding conditions, 3) variation in digestibility cannot explain the variations of RFI or LPR among lactating dairy cows, and we suggest that post-absorptive metabolism explains most of the variation in RFI and LPR when lactating cows are fed diets with minimal NDF in peak lactation and 40% NDF in late lactation, and 4) body reserve mobilization should not be neglected when assessing the cow response to changes in dietary protein.
Nutrient Utilization Lactational Performance And Profitability Of Dairy Cows By Feeding Protein Supplements In High Forage Lactation Diets
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Author : Kathryn Neal
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
Nutrient Utilization Lactational Performance And Profitability Of Dairy Cows By Feeding Protein Supplements In High Forage Lactation Diets written by Kathryn Neal and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with categories.
Due to the increasing cost of soybean meal and concerns of excess N being excreted into the environment, new protein supplements have been developed. Two products that have shown potential in increasing N utilization efficiency are slow release urea (SRU; Optigen) and ruminal escape protein derived from yeast (YMP; DEMP). The objective of this study was to assess the effects of feeding these 2 supplements in high-forage [(54% of total dietary dry matter (DM)] dairy diets on nutrient utilization, feed efficiency, lactational performance of dairy cows, and their impacts on income-over feed costs. Twelve multiparous dairy cows were used in a triple 4 ©7 4 Latin square design with one square consisting of ruminally cannulated cows. Treatments included: 1) control, 2) SRU-supplemented total mixed ration (TMR, SRUT), 3) YMP-supplemented TMR (YMPT), and 4) SRU and YMP-supplemented TMR (SYT). The control consisted only of a mixture of soybean meal and canola meal (SBMCM) in a 50:50 ratio. The SRU and the YMP were supplemented at 0.49% and 1.15% DM, respectively. The experiment consisted of 4 periods lasting 28 d each (21 d of adaptation and 7 d of sampling). Cows fed YMPT and SYT had decreased intake of DM, and all supplemented treatments had lower crude protein intake compared to those fed the control. Milk yield tended to have the greatest increase in YMPT compared with the control (41.1 vs. 39.7 kg/d) as well as a tendency for increased milk fat and protein yields. Feed efficiencies based on yields of milk, 3.5% fat-corrected milk, and energy-corrected milk increased at 10-16% due to protein supplementation. Cows fed with protein supplements partitioned less energy toward body weight gain, but tended to partition more energy toward milk production. Efficiency of use of feed N to milk N increased by feeding SRUT and YMPT, and milk N-to-manure N ratio increased in YMPT. Cows fed SRUT or YMPT tended to improve income-over feed costs. Overall results from this experiment indicate that replacing SBMCM with SRU and YMP in high-forage dairy diets can be a good approach to enhance dairy profitability through improved nutrient utilization efficiencies by lactating dairy cows.
Strategic Approaches To Develop Optimal Feeding Program Of Brown Midrib Corn Silage To Lactating Dairy Cows In The Intermountain West
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Author : Michael Shane Holt
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
Strategic Approaches To Develop Optimal Feeding Program Of Brown Midrib Corn Silage To Lactating Dairy Cows In The Intermountain West written by Michael Shane Holt and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with categories.
In two lactation studies reported in this dissertation, it was hypothesized that feeding 35% brown midrib corn silage (BMRCS) and 25% alfalfa hay (dry matter basis) would result in increased dry matter intake (DMI) around peak lactation compared with feeding conventional corn silage (CCS), causing longer peak milk production, and that feeding dairy cows in early lactation a 16% crude protein diet with fair quality alfalfa hay (FAH) in BMR-based diets would maintain milk production, reduce urinary N excretion, and improve N efficiency compared to those fed high quality alfalfa hay (HAH) in CCS- or BMR-based diets. A third experiment was conducted to assess in situ degradation kinetics of BMRCS harvested prior to or at maturity. The first lactation study was performed to determine the long-term effects of feeding BMRCS fed with a high dietary concentration of good quality alfalfa hay in a high-forage lactation diet on productive performance of Holstein dairy cows for the first 180 d of lactation. Feeding BMRCS-based diet did not affect milk production through peak lactation compared with a CCS-based diet; however, cows fed the BMRCS-based diet maintained heavier body weight through peak lactation and longer peak milk production, which resulted in increased milk yield post peak lactation, leading to greater overall milk production and milk protein yield. A second lactation experiment was performed to investigate if early lactating dairy cows fed with the FAH in BMRCS-based diets would reduce urinary N excretion and improve N efficiency compared to those fed the HAH in CCS- or BMR-based diets. Feeding BMR and HAH had better N utilization by decreasing concentrations of urea in blood, milk, and urine. In addition, feeding BMR-based diets decreased urinary N-to-fecal N ratio, and it was further reduced by feeding the HAH, which can represent an environmental advantage over traditional sources of forages in lactation dairy diets. A third experiment assessed in situ DM and neutral detergent fiber degradation kinetics for two new pre-matured BMR varieties (pmBMR1 and pmBMR2) that can be double-cropped by harvesting at tassel, compared with a sole crop mature BMR (mBMR) and CCS harvested at maturity in dry and lactating Holstein dairy cows. The potentially degradable NDF fraction was greater for BMR hybrids compared with CCS with the exception of the pmBMR2, which had the lowest potentially degradable NDF fraction in dry cows. Estimates of ruminal degradability of NDF were greatest for pmBMR1 in both dry and lactating cows. Feeding BMRCS exerted nutritive and environmental benefits when fed with typical Intermountain West lactation dairy diets. Further research is needed to understand interactive aspects of nutrient utilization with other dietary ingredients under different physiological conditions to take full potential benefits of BMRCS.
Modelling Nutrient Utilization In Farm Animals
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Author : J. P. McNamara
language : en
Publisher: CABI
Release Date : 2000
Modelling Nutrient Utilization In Farm Animals written by J. P. McNamara and has been published by CABI this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2000 with Technology & Engineering categories.
This book describes current research in modelling nutrient use in farm animals, from cellular to ecosystem level. The chapters are developed from papers presented at a satellite meeting of the 9th International Symposium on Ruminant Physiology, held in South Africa in October 1999.Excellent papers from a top list of contributorsEditors of great reputationCovers the current topics of interest
Inra Feeding System For Ruminants
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Author : INRA
language : en
Publisher: BRILL
Release Date : 2023-11-27
Inra Feeding System For Ruminants written by INRA and has been published by BRILL this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-11-27 with Medical categories.
The INRA Feeding System for Ruminants has been renewed to better address emerging challenges for animal nutrition: prevision of productive responses, product quality, animal health and emissions to the environment, in a larger extent of breeding contexts. The new system is mainly built from meta-analyses of large data bases, and modelling. The dietary supply model accounts for digestive interactions and flows of individual nutrients, so that feed values depend on the final ration. Animal requirements account for variability in metabolic efficiency. Various productive and non-productive animal responses to diets are quantified. This book presents the whole system for dairy and meat, large and small ruminant production, including specificities for tropical and Mediterranean areas. The first two sections present biological concepts and equations (with their field of application and statistical accuracy) used to predict intake (including at grazing) and nutrient supply (Section 1), animal’s requirements and multiple responses to diets (Section 2). They apply to net energy, metabolisable protein and amino acids, water, minerals and vitamins. Section 3 presents the use of concepts and equations in rationing with two purposes: (1) diet calculation for a given performance objective; and (2) prediction of the multiple responses of animal to diet changes. Section 4 displays the tables of feed values, and their prevision. All the equations and concepts are embedded in the fifth version of INRAtion® software for practical use.
Smarter Farming New Approaches For Improved Monitoring Measurement And Management Of Agricultural Production And Farming Systems
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Author : Matt Bell
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2020-10-08
Smarter Farming New Approaches For Improved Monitoring Measurement And Management Of Agricultural Production And Farming Systems written by Matt Bell and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-10-08 with Social Science categories.
This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact.
Nutrition And Lactation In The Dairy Cow
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Author : Philip C. Garnsworthy
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2013-10-22
Nutrition And Lactation In The Dairy Cow written by Philip C. Garnsworthy and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-10-22 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Nutrition and Lactation in the Dairy Cow is the proceedings of the 46th University of Nottingham Easter School in Agricultural Science. Said symposium was concerned with the significant advances in the field of nutrition and lactation in the dairy cow. The book is divided in five parts. Part I deals with the principles behind nutrition and lactation of cows. Part II discusses the cow’s nutrient interactions; responses to nutrients that yield protein and energy; and the influence of nutrient balance and milk yields. Part III tackles the efficiency of energy utilization in cows and its relation to milk production. Part IV talks about food intake of cows and the factors that affect it, while Part V deals with the different feeding systems for cows. The text is recommended for those involved in raising cows and dairy production, especially those who would like to know more and make studies about the relationship of nutrition and lactation of cows.
Metabolic Modifiers
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Author : National Research Council
language : en
Publisher: National Academies
Release Date : 1994-02-01
Metabolic Modifiers written by National Research Council and has been published by National Academies this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1994-02-01 with Technology & Engineering categories.
In the past decade, animal scientists have learned that administering recombinantly derived somatotropin (growth hormone) to cows improves milk production and that giving beta-adrenergic agonists to meat animals improves productivity and leanness. In order for these metabolic modifiers to yield benefits, however, sound management of the animals' nutrition is necessary. This volume reports on how these substances work in the animals' metabolism, what effects they might have on nutrient requirements of domestic livestock, and what information should be developed further by investigators. The book explores the current understanding of the biology, structure, mechanisms of action, and treatment effects of somatotropin, beta-adrenergic agonists, and anabolic steroids. A companion volume to the Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals series, this authoritative volume will be required reading for animal scientists, researchers, veterinarians, livestock farmers, and faculty and students in university animal veterinary science programs.
Designing Foods
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Author : National Research Council
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 1988-02-01
Designing Foods written by National Research Council and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1988-02-01 with Medical categories.
This lively book examines recent trends in animal product consumption and diet; reviews industry efforts, policies, and programs aimed at improving the nutritional attributes of animal products; and offers suggestions for further research. In addition, the volume reviews dietary and health recommendations from major health organizations and notes specific target levels for nutrients.
Estimation Of Microbial Protein Supply In Ruminants Using Urinary Purine Derivatives
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Author : Harinder P.S. Makkar
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-06-05
Estimation Of Microbial Protein Supply In Ruminants Using Urinary Purine Derivatives written by Harinder P.S. Makkar and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-06-05 with Science categories.
The Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture has a long history of coordinating isotope aided research projects for improving animal productivity in developing countries. These projects have focused on enhancing the efficiency of animal production through better use of locally available feed resources and those that do not compete with human food. As a part of these efforts, the Joint Division has been actively involved in developing and simplifying approaches for measuring microbial protein supply to ruminant livestock. The contribution of microbial protein in meeting the overall requirement for protein in ruminants is significant, but understanding the contribution of microbial protein to the nutrition of ruminant livestock has been hampered by the lack of simple and accurate methods for measuring microbial protein production in vivo. A Consultants’ Meeting was held in 1995 in Vienna to explore the feasibility of using nuclear and related techniques to develop and validate new approaches for measuring microbial protein supply in ruminant animals. Based on the available information, the consultants considered that the purine derivative excretion method, which is non-invasive and both simple to use and inexpensive compared with other available methods, had the potential for use in developing countries. However, development of models for various animal species and breeds and their validation were required before this technique could be advocated for use.