New Enhanced Sensitivity Infrared Laser Spectroscopy Techniques Applied To Reactive Plasmas And Trace Gas Detection

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New Enhanced Sensitivity Infrared Laser Spectroscopy Techniques Applied To Reactive Plasmas And Trace Gas Detection

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Author : Stefan Welzel
language : en
Publisher: Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH
Release Date : 2009

New Enhanced Sensitivity Infrared Laser Spectroscopy Techniques Applied To Reactive Plasmas And Trace Gas Detection written by Stefan Welzel and has been published by Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009 with Science categories.

Infrared laser absorption spectroscopy (IRLAS) employing both tuneable diode and quantum cascade lasers (TDLs, QCLs) has been applied with both high sensitivity and high time resolution to plasma diagnostics and trace gas measurements. TDLAS combined with a conventional White type multiple pass cell was used to detect up to 13 constituent molecular species in low pressure Ar/H2/N2/O2 and Ar/CH4/N2/O2 microwave discharges, among them the main products such as H2O, NH3, NO and CO, HCN respectively. The hydroxyl radical has been measured in the mid infrared (MIR) spectral range in-situ in both plasmas yielding number densities of between 1011 ... 1012 cm-3. Strong indications of surface dominated formation of either NH3 or N2O and NO were found in the H2-N2-O2 system. In methane containing plasmas a transition between deposition and etching conditions and generally an incomplete oxidation of the precursor were observed. The application of QCLs for IRLAS under low pressure conditions employing the most common tuning approaches has been investigated in detail. A new method of analysing absorption features quantitatively when the rapid passage effect is present is proposed. If power saturation is negligible, integrating the undisturbed half of the line profile yields accurate number densities without calibrating the system. By means of a time resolved analysis of individual chirped QCL pulses the main reasons for increased effective laser line widths could be identified. Apart from the well-known frequency down chirp non-linear absorption phenomena and bandwidth limitations of the detection system may significantly degrade the performance and accuracy of inter pulse spectrometers. The minimum analogue bandwidth of the entire system should normally not fall below 250 MHz. QCLAS using pulsed lasers has been used for highly time resolved measurements in reactive plasmas for the first time enabling a time resolution down to about 100 ns to be achieved. A temperature increase of typically less than 50 K has been established for pulsed DC discharges containing Ar/N2 and traces of NO. The main NO production and depletion reactions have been identified from a comparison of model calculations and time resolved measurements in plasma pulses of up to 100 ms. Considerable NO struction is observed after 5 ... 10 ms due to the impact of N atoms. Finally, thermoelectrically cooled pulsed and continuous wave (cw) QCLs have been employed for high finesse cavity absorption spectroscopy in the MIR. Cavity ring down spectroscopy (CRDS) has been performed with pulsed QCLs and was found to be limited by the intrinsic frequency chirp of the laser suppressing an efficient intensity build-up inside the cavity. Consequently the accuracy and advantage of an absolute internal absorption calibration is not achievable. A room temperature cw QCL was used in a complementary cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy (CEAS) configuration which was equipped with different cavities of up to 1.3 m length. This spectrometer yielded path lengths of up to 4 km and a noise equivalent absorption down to 4 x 10-8 cm-1Hz-1/2. The corresponding molecular concentration detection limit (e.g. for CH4, N2O and C2H2 at 1303 cm-1/7.66 Aem) was generally below 1 x 1010 cm-3 for 1 s integration times and one order of magnitude less for 30 s integration times. The main limiting factor for achieving even higher sensitivity is the residual mode noise of the cavity. Employing a 0.5 m long cavity the achieved sensitivity was good enough for the selective measurement of trace atmospheric constituents at 2.2 mbar.

Advances In Spectroscopy Molecules To Materials

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Author : Dheeraj Kumar Singh
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2019-10-24

Advances In Spectroscopy Molecules To Materials written by Dheeraj Kumar Singh and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-10-24 with Science categories.

This book presents and discusses recent developments in the broad field of spectroscopy, providing the reader with an updated overview. The main objective is to introduce them to recent innovations and current trends in spectroscopy applied to molecules and materials. The book also brings together experimentalists and theoreticians to highlight the multidimensional aspects of spectroscopy and discuss the latest issues. Accordingly, it provides insights not only into the general goals of spectroscopy, but also into how the various spectroscopic techniques represent a toolbox that can be used to gain a more detailed understanding of molecular systems and complex chemical problems. Besides technical aspects, basic theoretical interpretations of spectroscopic results are also presented. The spectroscopy techniques discussed include UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, IR absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and time-resolved spectroscopy. In turn, basic tools like lasers and theoretical modeling approaches are also presented. Lastly, applications for the characterization of fundamental properties of molecules (environmental aspects, biomolecules, pharmaceutical drugs, hazardous molecules, etc.) and materials (nanomaterials, nuclear chemistry materials, biomaterials, etc.) are discussed. Given its scope, the book offers a valuable resource for researchers from various branches of science, and presents new techniques that can be applied to their specific problems.

Cavity Enhanced Spectroscopy And Sensing

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Author : Gianluca Gagliardi
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2013-10-19

Cavity Enhanced Spectroscopy And Sensing written by Gianluca Gagliardi and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-10-19 with Science categories.

The book reviews the dramatic recent advances in the use of optical resonators for high sensitivity and high resolution molecular spectroscopy as well as for chemical, mechanical and physical sensing. It encompasses a variety of cavities including those made of two or more mirrors, optical fiber loops, fiber gratings and spherical cavities. The book focuses on novel techniques and their applications. Each chapter is written by an expert and/or pioneer in the field. These experts also provide the theoretical background in optics and molecular physics where needed. Examples of recent breakthroughs include the use of frequency combs (Nobel prize 2005) for cavity enhanced sensing and spectroscopy, the use of novel cavity materials and geometries, the development of optical heterodyne detection techniques combined to active frequency-locking schemes. These methods allow the use and interrogation of optical resonators with a variety of coherent light sources for trace gas detection and sensing of strain, temperature and pressure.

Summaries Of Fy Research In The Chemical Sciences

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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1985

Summaries Of Fy Research In The Chemical Sciences written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1985 with Chemistry categories.

Air Pollution And Visibility Measurements

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Author : Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1995

Air Pollution And Visibility Measurements written by Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1995 with Science categories.

Science Abstracts

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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1995

Science Abstracts written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1995 with Electrical engineering categories.

Applied Science Technology Index

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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2000

Applied Science Technology Index written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2000 with Engineering categories.

Lea S Chemistry Of Cement And Concrete

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Author : Peter Hewlett
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2003-11-12

Lea S Chemistry Of Cement And Concrete written by Peter Hewlett and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003-11-12 with Technology & Engineering categories.

Lea's Chemistry of Cement and Concrete deals with the chemical and physical properties of cements and concretes and their relation to the practical problems that arise in manufacture and use. As such it is addressed not only to the chemist and those concerned with the science and technology of silicate materials, but also to those interested in the use of concrete in building and civil engineering construction. Much attention is given to the suitability of materials, to the conditions under which concrete can excel and those where it may deteriorate and to the precautionary or remedial measures that can be adopted. First published in 1935, this is the fourth edition and the first to appear since the death of Sir Frederick Lea, the original author. Over the life of the first three editions, this book has become the authority on its subject. The fourth edition is edited by Professor Peter C. Hewlett, Director of the British Board of Agrement and visiting Industrial Professor in the Department of Civil Engineering at the University of Dundee. Professor Hewlett has brought together a distinguished body of international contributors to produce an edition which is a worthy successor to the previous editions.

Publications Of The National Institute Of Standards And Technology Catalog

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Author : National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.)
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1987

Publications Of The National Institute Of Standards And Technology Catalog written by National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.) and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1987 with categories.

Index Medicus

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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2004

Index Medicus written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004 with Medicine categories.

Vols. for 1963- include as pt. 2 of the Jan. issue: Medical subject headings.