Nonproliferation And Threat Reduction Assistance U S Programs In The Former Soviet Union
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Nonproliferation And Threat Reduction Assistance
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Author : Amy F. Woolf
language : en
Publisher: DIANE Publishing
Release Date : 2010-06
Nonproliferation And Threat Reduction Assistance written by Amy F. Woolf and has been published by DIANE Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-06 with History categories.
Congress passed the Nunn-Lugar amendment, authorizing U.S. threat reduction assistance to the former Soviet Union, in Nov. 1991, after a failed coup in Moscow and the disintegration of the Soviet Union raised concerns about the safety and security of Soviet nuclear weapons. The annual program has grown from $400 million to over $1 billion/year across 3 agencies. It has also evolved from an emergency response to impending chaos in the Soviet Union, to a more comprehensive threat reduction and non-proliferation effort, to a broader program seeking to keep nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons from leaking into the hands of rogue nations or terrorists. This report discusses issues related to U.S. non-proliferation and threat reduction assistance. Illus.
Nonproliferation And Threat Reduction Assistance U S Programs In The Former Soviet Union
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2008
Nonproliferation And Threat Reduction Assistance U S Programs In The Former Soviet Union written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008 with categories.
Congress passed the Nunn-Lugar amendment, authorizing U.S. threat reduction assistance to the former Soviet Union, in November 1991, after a failed coup in Moscow and the disintegration of the Soviet Union raised concerns about the safety and security of Soviet nuclear weapons. The annual program has grown from $400 million in the DOD budget around $1.1 billion across three agencies DOD, DOE, and the State Department. It has also evolved from an emergency response to impending chaos in the Soviet Union, to a more comprehensive threat reduction and nonproliferation effort, to a broader program seeking to keep nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons from leaking out of the former Soviet Union and into the hands of rogue nations or terrorist groups. The Department of Defense manages the Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) Program, which provides Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and Kazakhstan with assistance in transporting, storing, and dismantling nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons. U.S. assistance has helped these nations eliminate the delivery systems for nuclear weapons under the START I Treaty, secure weapons storage areas, construct a storage facility for nuclear materials removed from weapons, construct a destruction facility for chemical weapons, and secure biological weapons materials.
Nonproliferation And Threat Reduction Assistance
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2008
Nonproliferation And Threat Reduction Assistance written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008 with categories.
Dismantling The Cold War
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Author : John M. Shields
language : en
Publisher: MIT Press
Release Date : 1997
Dismantling The Cold War written by John M. Shields and has been published by MIT Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1997 with History categories.
The Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) program has since authorized more than $1.5 billion for a wide array of weapons destruction, demilitarization, nuclear security, and nonproliferation activities in the Newly Independent States (NIS) of the former Soviet Union.
Increasing Our Nonproliferation Efforts In The Former Soviet Union
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Author : United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2002
Increasing Our Nonproliferation Efforts In The Former Soviet Union written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002 with Economic assistance, American categories.
U S Cooperative Threat Reduction And Nonproliferation Programs
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Author : United States. Congress. House. Committee on International Relations. Subcommittee on Europe
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2003
U S Cooperative Threat Reduction And Nonproliferation Programs written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on International Relations. Subcommittee on Europe and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003 with Former Soviet republics categories.
Weapons Of Mass Destruction
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2003
Weapons Of Mass Destruction written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003 with Nuclear nonproliferation categories.
After the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia inherited the world's largest arsenal of nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons. The Soviets' extensive military resources and autocratic rule allowed it to maintain and secure this vast arsenal. As Russia adopted economic reforms and moved toward an open society, its economy and central controls deteriorated, making it difficult to maintain security at these weapons sites. Recognizing these difficulties, the Congress authorized funds for programs to help destroy Russian weapons and improve WMD security. The events of September 11th have increased U.S. concerns that terrorists might obtain nuclear materials or weapons at poorly secured sites. GAO has reviewed U.S. threat reduction and nonproliferation efforts in Russia since 1993. Over the past decade, the United States has responded to increased proliferation risks in Russia by providing $6.4 billion for Departments of Defense, Energy, and State programs in the former Soviet Union. The United States has made important progress in three areas. First, the Department of Defense helped destroy 463 Russian nuclear submarines, long-range bombers, and strategic missiles to support Russia's efforts to meet treaty requirements. Second, the Department of Energy installed security systems that helped protect 32 percent of Russia's weapons-usable nuclear material. Third, the United States supplemented the income of thousands of Russian weapons scientists so they would be less inclined to sell their skills to countries of concern. However, U.S. threat reduction and nonproliferation programs have consistently faced two critical challenges: (1) the Russian government has not always paid its agreed-upon share of program costs and (2) Russian ministries have often denied U.S. officials access to key nuclear and biological sites. Regarding program costs, Russia did not pay, for example, its previously agreed-upon share of $275 million to design and build a nuclear storage site at Mayak. As of January 2003, the United States plans to spend $385 million for a scaled-down version of this site. Russia has also failed to pay operation and maintenance costs for security equipment the United States installed at sites with weapons-usable nuclear material. As a result, DOE plans to spend an additional $171 million to ensure that this equipment is properly maintained. Regarding access, Russia will not allow DOD and DOE the level of access they require to design security improvements, verify their installation, and ensure their proper operation. As a result, the agencies have been unable to help protect substantial portions of Russia's nuclear warheads and weapons-usable nuclear material. In addition, many Russian biological sites that store dangerous biological pathogens remain off-limits to the United States. Russia justifies these access restrictions on the grounds that it is protecting its national security interests.
Nonproliferation Programs Of The Department Of State
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Author : United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2003
Nonproliferation Programs Of The Department Of State written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003 with Political Science categories.
Global Threat Reduction
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Author : Sharon A. Squassoni
language : en
Publisher: Nova Publishers
Release Date : 2006
Global Threat Reduction written by Sharon A. Squassoni and has been published by Nova Publishers this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with History categories.
Globalizing cooperative threat reduction : a survey of options / Sharon Squassoni -- Nunn-Lugar cooperative threat reduction programs / Amy F. Woolf -- Nuclear threat reduction measures for India and Pakistan / Sharon Squassoni -- Expanding threat reduction and nonproliferation programs / Amy F. Woolf
Nuclear Nonproliferation U S Efforts To Help Other Countries Combat Nuclear Smuggling Need Strengthened Coordination And Planning
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Author :
language : en
Publisher: DIANE Publishing
Release Date : 2002
Nuclear Nonproliferation U S Efforts To Help Other Countries Combat Nuclear Smuggling Need Strengthened Coordination And Planning written by and has been published by DIANE Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002 with categories.