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Nox Trap Catalysts And Technologies

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Nox Trap Catalysts And Technologies

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Author : Luca Lietti
language : en
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry
Release Date : 2018-06-13

Nox Trap Catalysts And Technologies written by Luca Lietti and has been published by Royal Society of Chemistry this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-06-13 with Science categories.

Vehicle exhaust emissions, particularly from diesel cars, are considered to be a significant problem for the environment and human health. Lean NOx Trap (LNT) or NOx Storage/Reduction (NSR) technology is one of the current techniques used in the abatement of NOx from lean exhausts. Researchers are constantly searching for new inexpensive catalysts with high efficiency at low temperatures and negligible fuel penalties, to meet the challenges of this field. This book will be the first to comprehensively present the current research on this important area. Covering the technology used, from its development in the early 1990s up to the current state-of-the-art technologies and new legislation. Beginning with the fundamental aspects of the process, the discussion will cover the real application standard through to the detailed modelling of full scale catalysts. Scientists, academic and industrial researchers, engineers working in the automotive sector and technicians working on emission control will find this book an invaluable resource.

Nox Trap Catalyst Technologies To Attain 99 5 Nox Reduction Efficiency For Lean Burn Gasoline Engine Application

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Author : Kinichi Iwachido
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2009

Nox Trap Catalyst Technologies To Attain 99 5 Nox Reduction Efficiency For Lean Burn Gasoline Engine Application written by Kinichi Iwachido and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009 with categories.

Nox Trap Catalysts And Technologies

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Author : Luca Lietti
language : en
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry
Release Date : 2018-06-13

Mitigation Of Sulfur Effects On A Lean Nox Trap Catalyst By Sorbate Reapplication

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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2007

Mitigation Of Sulfur Effects On A Lean Nox Trap Catalyst By Sorbate Reapplication written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007 with categories.

Lean NOx trap catalysis has demonstrated the ability to reduce NOx emissions from lean natural gas reciprocating engines by>90%. The technology operates in a cyclic fashion where NOx is trapped on the catalyst during lean operation and released and reduced to N2 under rich exhaust conditions; the rich cleansing operation of the cycle is referred to as "regeneration" since the catalyst is reactivated for more NOx trapping. Natural gas combusted over partial oxidation catalysts in the exhaust can be used to obtain the rich exhaust conditions necessary for catalyst regeneration. Thus, the lean NOx trap technology is well suited for lean natural gas engine applications. One potential limitation of the lean NOx trap technology is sulfur poisoning. Sulfur compounds directly bond to the NOx trapping sites of the catalyst and render them ineffective; over time, the sulfur poisoning leads to degradation in overall NOx reduction performance. In order to mitigate the effects of sulfur poisoning, a process has been developed to restore catalyst activity after sulfur poisoning has occurred. The process is an aqueous-based wash process that removes the poisoned sorbate component of the catalyst. A new sorbate component is reapplied after removal of the poisoned sorbate. The process is low cost and does not involve reapplication of precious metal components of the catalyst. Experiments were conducted to investigate the feasibility of the washing process on a lean 8.3-liter natural gas engine on a dynamometer platform. The catalyst was rapidly sulfur poisoned with bottled SO2 gas; then, the catalyst sorbate was washed and reapplied and performance was re-evaluated. Results show that the sorbate reapplication process is effective at restoring lost performance due to sulfur poisoning. Specific details relative to the implementation of the process for large stationary natural gas engines will be discussed.

Lean Nox Trap Catalysis For Lean Burn Natural Gas Engines

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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2004

Lean Nox Trap Catalysis For Lean Burn Natural Gas Engines written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004 with categories.

As the nation's demand for energy grows along with concern for the environment, there is a pressing need for cleaner, more efficient forms of energy. The internal combustion engine is well established as one of the most reliable forms of power production. They are commercially available in power ranges from 0.5 kW to 6.5 MW, which make them suitable for a wide range of distributed power applications from small scale residential to large scale industrial. In addition, alternative fuels with domestic abundance, such as natural gas, can play a key role in weaning our nations dependence on foreign oil. Lean burn natural gas engines can achieve high efficiencies and can be conveniently placed anywhere natural gas supplies are available. However, the aftertreatment of Nox emissions presents a challenge in lean exhaust conditions. Unlike carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons, which can be catalytically reduced in lean exhaust, NOx emissions require a net reducing atmosphere for catalytic reduction. Unless this challenge of NOx reduction can be met, emissions regulations may restrict the implementation of highly efficient lean burn natural gas engines for stationary power applications. While the typical three-way catalyst is ineffective for NOx reduction under lean exhaust conditions, several emerging catalyst technologies have demonstrated potential. The three leading contenders for lean burn engine de-NOx are the Lean NOx Catalyst (LNC), Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) and the Lean Nox Trap (LNT). Similar to the principles of SCR, an LNT catalyst has the ability to store NOx under lean engine operation. Then, an intermittent rich condition is created causing the stored NOx to be released and subsequently reduced. However, unlike SCR, which uses urea injection to create the reducing atmosphere, the LNT can use the same fuel supplied to the engine as the reductant. LNT technology has demonstrated high reduction efficiencies in diesel applications where diesel fuel is the reducing agent. The premise of this research is to explore the application of Lean NOx Trap technology to a lean burn natural gas engine where natural gas is the reducing agent. Natural gas is primarily composed of methane, a highly stable hydrocarbon. The two primary challenges addressed by this research are the performance of the LNT in the temperature ranges experienced from lean natural gas combustion and the utilization of the highly stable methane as the reducing agent. The project used an 8.3 liter lean burn natural gas engine on a dynamometer to generate the lean exhaust conditions. The catalysts were packaged in a dual path aftertreatment system, and a set of valves were used to control the flow of exhaust to either leg during adsorption and regeneration.

Emissions Technologies

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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2004

Emissions Technologies written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004 with Automobiles categories.

Performance Of A Perovskite Based Lean Nox Trap Catalyst And Effects Of Thermal Degradation And Sulfur Poisoning

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Author : Crystle Constantinou
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012

Performance Of A Perovskite Based Lean Nox Trap Catalyst And Effects Of Thermal Degradation And Sulfur Poisoning written by Crystle Constantinou and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with categories.

Increases in vehicle exhaust emission regulations have led to research, development and improvements in catalytic converter technologies for gasoline-powered vehicles since the 1970s. Nowadays, there are strict regulations and standards for diesel engines as well, and one of the regulated species is nitrogen oxides (NOX). The lean NOX trap (LNT) catalyst has been studied and developed for use in lean burn (of which diesel is an example) engine exhaust as a technology to reduce NOX to N2. Typical LNT catalysts contain Pt, which catalyzes NO oxidation and NOX reduction, and an alkali or alkaline earth material for NOX storage via nitrate formation. The catalyst is operated in a cyclic mode, with one phase of the cycle under oxidizing conditions where NOX is trapped, and a second phase, which is reductant-rich relative to O2, where stored NOX is reduced to N2. A recently developed catalyst uses a perovskite material as part of the LNT formulation for the oxidation reactions thereby eliminating the need for Pt in a LNT. This catalyst does include Pd and Rh, added to accommodate hydrocarbon oxidation and NO reduction, respectively. Ba was used as the trapping component, and Ce was also part of the formulation. NO oxidation kinetics over the fully-formulated and bare perovskite material were determined, with NO, O2 and NO2 orders being at or near 1, 1 and -1, respectively for both samples. The fully-formulated sample, which contains Ba supported on the perovskite, was evaluated in terms of NOX trapping ability and NOX reduction as a function of temperature and reduction phase properties. Trapping and overall performance increased with temperature to 375°C, primarily due to improved NO oxidation, as NO2 is more readily trapped, or better diffusion of nitrates away from the initial trapping sites. At higher temperatures nitrate stability decreased, thus decreasing the trapping ability. At these higher temperatures, a more significant amount of unreduced NOX formed during the reduction phase, primarily due to nitrate instability and decomposition and the relative rates of the NOX and oxygen storage (OS) components reduction reactions. Most of the chemistry observed was similar to that observed over Pt-based LNT catalysts. However, there were some distinct differences, including a stronger nitrate diffusion resistance at low temperature and a more significant reductant-induced nitrate decomposition reaction. The perovskite-based lean NOX trap (LNT) catalyst was also evaluated after thermal aging and sulfur exposure. NO oxidation, NOX trapping ability and NOX reduction as a function of temperature and reduction phase properties were evaluated. Similar overall performance trends were seen before and after degradation, however lower performance after thermal aging and sulfur exposure were seen due to sintering effects and possible build-up of S species. Although performance results show that most of the sulfur was removed after desulfation, some sulfur remained affecting the trapping and reduction capabilities as well as the water gas shift (WGS) extent at lower temperatures. The Oxygen storage capacity (OSC) on the other hand was maintained after the catalyst was exposed to thermal aging and sulfur poisoning then desulfation, all of which suggest that the perovskite or Pd components were irreversibly poisoned to some extent.

Experimental Studies Of Nox Storage And Reduction On Lean Nox Traps

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Author : Prasanna R. Dasari
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013

Experimental Studies Of Nox Storage And Reduction On Lean Nox Traps written by Prasanna R. Dasari and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with categories.

Stricter emission standards have driven the research and development of several emission aftertreatment technologies like selective catalytic reduction (NH3-SCR) and lean NOX trap (LNT) technology. On an NH3-SCR catalyst, NH3 is injected into the exhaust, which then selectively reduces NOx to N2. During the LNT process, NOX is stored on an alkali earth oxide during the lean phase, forming surface nitrite/nitrate species, which are then reduced to N2 over precious metals during periodic "rich" operation. A combined LNT-SCR hybrid system promises to be more cost-effective and operates by utilizing NH3 formed during the rich phase operation of LNT to reduce NOx that breakthroughs LNT on the SCR catalyst downstream. An experimental set-up was built to monitor the transient reactor temperatures and effluent gas concentrations. This work systematically investigated the production of NH3 on typical Pt-Rh/BaO/Al2O3 LNT monolithic catalysts during the reduction of NOx by CO in the presence of excess water without any molecular H2 being fed to the system; under both steady-state and cyclic operation conditions. The objective was to determine the effect of various operating parameters and the involvement of intermediate species on the mechanism leading to NH3 formation and NOx reduction. Under steady-state conditions, H2 formed by wgs reaction plays a dominant role in reducing NOx to NH3. However, under cyclic operation conditions, hydrolysis of intermediate isocyanate species is shown to be the leading route to NH3 formation. An extensive study of the NOX storage mechanism and the impact of CO2 were conduced at low temperatures (

Diesel Lean Nox Catalyst Technologies

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Author : Society of Automotive Engineers
language : en
Publisher: SAE International
Release Date : 1996

Diesel Lean Nox Catalyst Technologies written by Society of Automotive Engineers and has been published by SAE International this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1996 with Technology & Engineering categories.

Aging Of Lean Nox Trap Catalysts And Hydrocarbon Trapping In Cold Start Applications

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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2020

Aging Of Lean Nox Trap Catalysts And Hydrocarbon Trapping In Cold Start Applications written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020 with categories.

Nox Trap Catalysts And Technologies

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