Ontogeny
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Ontogeny And Phylogeny
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Author : Stephen Jay Gould
language : en
Publisher: Harvard University Press
Release Date : 1985-01-17
Ontogeny And Phylogeny written by Stephen Jay Gould and has been published by Harvard University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1985-01-17 with Science categories.
“Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny” was Haeckel’s answer—the wrong one—to the most vexing question of nineteenth-century biology: what is the relationship between individual development (ontogeny) and the evolution of species and lineages (phylogeny)? In this, the first major book on the subject in fifty years, Stephen Jay Gould documents the history of the idea of recapitulation from its first appearance among the pre-Socratics to its fall in the early twentieth century. Mr. Gould explores recapitulation as an idea that intrigued politicians and theologians as well as scientists. He shows that Haeckel’s hypothesis—that human fetuses with gill slits are, literally, tiny fish, exact replicas of their water-breathing ancestors—had an influence that extended beyond biology into education, criminology, psychoanalysis (Freud and Jung were devout recapitulationists), and racism. The theory of recapitulation, Gould argues, finally collapsed not from the weight of contrary data, but because the rise of Mendelian genetics rendered it untenable. Turning to modern concepts, Gould demonstrates that, even though the whole subject of parallels between ontogeny and phylogeny fell into disrepute, it is still one of the great themes of evolutionary biology. Heterochrony—changes in developmental timing, producing parallels between ontogeny and phylogeny—is shown to be crucial to an understanding of gene regulation, the key to any rapprochement between molecular and evolutionary biology. Gould argues that the primary evolutionary value of heterochrony may lie in immediate ecological advantages for slow or rapid maturation, rather than in long-term changes of form, as all previous theories proclaimed. Neoteny—the opposite of recapitulation—is shown to be the most important determinant of human evolution. We have evolved by retaining the juvenile characters of our ancestors and have achieved both behavioral flexibility and our characteristic morphology thereby (large brains by prolonged retention of rapid fetal growth rates, for example). Gould concludes that “there may be nothing new under the sun, but permutation of the old within complex systems can do wonders. As biologists, we deal directly with the kind of material complexity that confers an unbounded potential upon simple, continuous changes in underlying processes. This is the chief joy of our science.”
Ontogeny And Systematics
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Author : Christopher John Humphries
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1988
Ontogeny And Systematics written by Christopher John Humphries and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1988 with Science categories.
The Ontogeny Of Information
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Author : Susan Oyama
language : en
Publisher: Duke University Press
Release Date : 2000-03-16
The Ontogeny Of Information written by Susan Oyama and has been published by Duke University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2000-03-16 with Science categories.
The Ontogeny of Information is a critical intervention into the ongoing and perpetually troubling nature-nurture debates surrounding human development. Originally published in 1985, this was a foundational text in what is now the substantial field of developmental systems theory. In this revised edition Susan Oyama argues compellingly that nature and nurture are not alternative influences on human development but, rather, developmental products and the developmental processes that produce them. Information, says Oyama, is thought to reside in molecules, cells, tissues, and the environment. When something wondrous occurs in the world, we tend to question whether the information guiding the transformation was pre-encoded in the organism or installed through experience or instruction. Oyama looks beyond this either-or question to focus on the history of such developments. She shows that what developmental “information” does depends on what is already in place and what alternatives are available. She terms this process “constructive interactionism,” whereby each combination of genes and environmental influences simultaneously interacts to produce a unique result. Ontogeny, then, is the result of dynamic and complex interactions in multileveled developmental systems. The Ontogeny of Information challenges specialists in the fields of developmental biology, philosophy of biology, psychology, and sociology, and even nonspecialists, to reexamine the existing nature-nurture dichotomy as it relates to the history and formation of organisms.
Ontogeny
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Author : P. P. G. Bateson
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-11-28
Ontogeny written by P. P. G. Bateson and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-11-28 with Science categories.
This volume is devoted principally to the theme of behavioral develop ment. The study of ontogeny has attracted some of the most bitter and protracted controversies in the whole field of ethology and psychology. This is partly because the arguments have reflected more general and continuing ideological battles about nature and nurture. In the opening essay, Oppenheim shows how these debates have recurred in much the same form over the last century. His chapter also brings out a more worrying feature of such argument. He demonstrates that authors who are well known for their strongly held partisan views have written in much more balanced ways than is usually admitted. Although the ex cluded middle is familiar enough in academic argument, the dynamic tensions actually present in developing systems may be particularly prone to polarize debate about what is actually happening. This point is elegantly explored by Oyama in her essay on her concept of maturation.
Heterochrony
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Author : Michael L. McKinney
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-04-17
Heterochrony written by Michael L. McKinney and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-04-17 with Science categories.
The authors outline evolutionary thought from pre-Darwinian biology to current research on the subject. They broadly label the factors of evolution as intrinsic and extrinsic, with Darwin favoring the latter by emphasizing the process of natural selection and later followers of Darwin carrying t
The Development Of Animal Form
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Author : Alessandro Minelli
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2003-03-03
The Development Of Animal Form written by Alessandro Minelli and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003-03-03 with Science categories.
Contemporary research in the field of evolutionary developmental biology, or 'evo-devo', has to date been predominantly devoted to interpreting basic features of animal architecture in molecular genetics terms. Considerably less time has been spent on the exploitation of the wealth of facts and concepts available from traditional disciplines, such as comparative morphology, even though these traditional approaches can continue to offer a fresh insight into evolutionary developmental questions. The Development of Animal Form aims to integrate traditional morphological and contemporary molecular genetic approaches and to deal with post-embryonic development as well. This approach leads to unconventional views on the basic features of animal organization, such as body axes, symmetry, segments, body regions, appendages and related concepts. This book will be of particular interest to graduate students and researchers in evolutionary and developmental biology, as well as to those in related areas of cell biology, genetics and zoology.
Phylogeny And Ontogeny
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Author : Nicholas Cohen
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-03-09
Phylogeny And Ontogeny written by Nicholas Cohen and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-03-09 with Science categories.
This comprehensive treatise on the reticuloendothelial system is a project jointly shared by individual members of the Reticuloendothelial (RE) Society and bio medical scientists in general who are interested in the intricate system of cells and molecular moieties derived from these cells which constitute the RES. It may now be more fashionable in some quarters to consider these cells as part of what is called the mononuclear phagocytic system or the lymphoreticular system. Nevertheless, because of historical developments and current interest in the subject by investigators from many diverse areas, it seems advantageous to present in one comprehensive treatise current information and knowledge con cerning basic aspects of the RES, such as morphology, biochemistry, phylogeny and ontogeny, physiology, and pharmacology as well as clinical areas including immunopathology, cancer, infectious diseases, allergy, and hypersensitivity. It is anticipated that by presenting information concerning these apparently heterogeneous topics under the unifying umbrella of the RES attention will be focused on the similarities as well as interactions among the cell types constitut ing the RES from the viewpoint of various disciplines. The treatise editors and their editorial board, consisting predominantly of the editors of individual vol umes, are extremely grateful for the enthusiastic cooperation and enormous task undertaken by members of the biomedical community in general and especially by members of the American as well as European and Japanese Reticuloendothe lial Societies.
The Ontogenetic Basis Of Human Anatomy
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Author : Erich Blechschmidt, M.D.
language : en
Publisher: North Atlantic Books
Release Date : 2004-07-12
The Ontogenetic Basis Of Human Anatomy written by Erich Blechschmidt, M.D. and has been published by North Atlantic Books this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004-07-12 with Science categories.
This book presents an anatomical overview of the changing form and structure of the human body. Although biomechanical embryology can be traced back to the 19th century, up until recently the most commonly accepted framework for the study of human ontogeny (development of the individual) was molecular biology, which all too frequently relied on findings from animal experiments that remained untested for humans. German embryologist and anatomist Erich Blechschmidt's research concentrates on the evidence presented by the human embryo itself. He offers a new approach to the study of early human growth as a way to shed light on the development of body build, instincts, gestures, language, mathematics, tools, and dress.
Ontogeny Phylogeny And Historical Development
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Author : Sidney Strauss
language : en
Publisher: Praeger
Release Date : 1988
Ontogeny Phylogeny And Historical Development written by Sidney Strauss and has been published by Praeger this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1988 with History categories.
The authors in this book treat a number of issues that pertain to relations between ontogeny, phylogeny, and historical development. Some show parallels among them, others show convergences, while still others show how they can inform each other. Chapters deal with the importance of this area for developmental theories, the distinction between changes in expert knowledge (as it pertains to historical development) and novice knowledge (ontogenesis), what constitutes a theory in science and in children's thought organizations, and the importance of historical models for characterizing children's conceptual structures.
The Ontogeny Of Human Bonding Systems
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Author : Warren B. Miller
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2011-06-28
The Ontogeny Of Human Bonding Systems written by Warren B. Miller and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-06-28 with Medical categories.
The Ontogeny of Human Bonding Systems takes an interdisciplinary look at the phenomena of human bonding. The authors draw upon behavioral genetics, molecular genetics of behavior, cognitive and affective neuroscience, evolutionary psychology, human ethology, behavioral ecology, and the study of attachment processes within developmental psychology. The topics will emphasize human reproduction, and fertility-related behavior in particular, and the evolutionary origins and neural underpinnings of such behavior. This book is for anyone interested in the evolutionary origins, neural underpinnings, and psychological structure involved in human relationships.