Ontogeny Of Energetic Demand And Diving Ability In The Southern Sea Otter Enhydra Lutris Nereis And Implications On Diving And Foraging Behavior
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Ontogeny Of Energetic Demand And Diving Ability In The Southern Sea Otter Enhydra Lutris Nereis And Implications On Diving And Foraging Behavior
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Author : Nicole Marie Thometz
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
Ontogeny Of Energetic Demand And Diving Ability In The Southern Sea Otter Enhydra Lutris Nereis And Implications On Diving And Foraging Behavior written by Nicole Marie Thometz and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with categories.
The integration of physiological and behavioral studies can yield valuable information important to the conservation and management of imperiled species. In the following chapters, I examine a suite of physiological characteristics and behavioral attributes of southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) across a variety of life stages and discuss resulting population level consequences in this threatened species. In my first data chapter (Chapter 2), I use open-flow respirometry to determine age- and activity- specific metabolic rates of immature southern sea otters throughout ontogeny. These data are then combined with activity budgets of wild sea otters to determine the energetic cost of pup rearing for adult females. In Chapter 3, I determine age-specific oxygen storage capacity and diving abilities of sea otters from birth through adulthood. Finally, in Chapter 4, I examine the foraging behavior of sea otters off the coast of central California. I found that sea otter pups have elevated mass-specific metabolic rates in comparison to adult conspecifics, which are highest for molting pups and begin to approach adult levels around the average age of weaning (6 mo.). In addition, immature sea otters have limited blood and muscle oxygen stores throughout dependency, which result in a limited capacity for diving and high dependence on adult females throughout lactation. The high energetic demands of pups result in elevated field metabolic rates (FMR) for lactating females. Female FMR is increased 17% by three weeks postpartum and continues to increase throughout lactation. By the average age of weaning female FMR is increased 96% above pre-pregnancy levels. These heightened energetic demands are reflected in the foraging behavior of wild sea otters. Adult females appear behaviorally constrained by dependent young during an already energetically costly life stage. Both physiological and behavioral data suggest that it takes sea otters approximately two years to develop comparable diving abilities to adults; however, individuals at this stage are likely inefficient foragers when compared to adults. Together these data indicate that late-lactation and the first years post-weaning are the most physiologically challenging life stages for sea otters and that these groups are likely the most sensitive to disturbance and resource limitation. The high energetic demands of dependent pups influence body condition, parental provisioning strategies, and life history decisions in adult females. In addition, high energy demands, physiological limitations, and behavioral naivete make maintaining positive energy balance difficult for juvenile and sub-adult sea otters. Ultimately, these chapters provide novel information regarding age-specific energy demands, physiological abilities, and foraging behavior of southern sea otters across a variety of life stages, and elucidate mechanisms underlying current population level trends.
Diving Physiology Of Marine Mammals And Seabirds
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Author : Paul J. Ponganis
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2015-11-26
Diving Physiology Of Marine Mammals And Seabirds written by Paul J. Ponganis and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-11-26 with Medical categories.
An up-to-date synthesis of comparative diving physiology research, illustrating the features of dive performance and its biomedical and ecological relevance.
Ethology And Behavioral Ecology Of Sea Otters And Polar Bears
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Author : Randall W. Davis
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2021-07-03
Ethology And Behavioral Ecology Of Sea Otters And Polar Bears written by Randall W. Davis and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-07-03 with Science categories.
Sea otters and polar bears are carnivorous marine mammals that still resemble their terrestrial ancestors. Compared with Cetacea (whales and dolphins), Sirenia (dugongs and manatees), and Pinnipedia (seals, sea lions, and walrus), they are less adapted for an aquatic life and the most recently evolved among marine mammals. Sea otters are amphibious but seldom come ashore, and polar bears primarily occur on sea ice or along the shore. When at sea, both species spend most of their time swimming at the surface or making short, shallow dives when foraging or pursuing prey. Indeed, polar bears rarely pursue seals in water. Nevertheless, polar bears are powerful swimmers and will stalk seals from the water. As with many other large carnivores, they are solitary hunters. Although sea otters are gregarious and form aggregations at sea called rafts, they are primarily asocial. Except during mating, the principal interaction among sea otters occurs between a female and offspring during the six-month dependency period. In large carnivores (e.g., wolves and lions) that feed on ungulates, sociality and cooperation are favored because of the need to capture large prey and defend carcasses. Polar bears, which are the largest terrestrial carnivore, are solitary hunters of seals and are neither gregarious nor social. Males and females briefly associate during courtship and mating. During this time, males aggressively compete for females. At other times, males generally avoid each other except for aggregations of males that form while summering on land, and females with cubs avoid males, which are known for infanticide. As with sea otters, the interaction of polar bears outside of mating occurs between a female and her offspring during the 2-3 year dependency period. This interaction is critically important when altricial cubs are born in the winter den. This book provides new insight into the ethology and behavioral ecology of sea otters and polar bears. Each chapter reviews the discoveries of previous studies and integrates recent research using new techniques and technology. The authors also address historic and current anthropogenic challenges for their survival as climate change alters entire marine ecosystems.
Marine Mammal Physiology
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Author : Michael A. Castellini
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2015-11-18
Marine Mammal Physiology written by Michael A. Castellini and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-11-18 with Medical categories.
Suppose you were designing a marine mammal. What would you need to think about to allow it to live in the ocean? How would you keep it warm? What would you design to allow it to dive for very long periods to extreme depths? Where would it find water to drink? How would you minimize the cost of swimming, and how would it find its prey in the deep an
Diving In The Southern Sea Otter Enhydra Lutris Nereis
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Author : Mary Elizabeth Cashman
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2002
Diving In The Southern Sea Otter Enhydra Lutris Nereis written by Mary Elizabeth Cashman and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002 with Sea otter categories.
Sources Of Variation In The Foraging Behavior And Demography Of The Sea Otter Enhydra Lutris
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Author : Martin Tim Tinker
language : en
Publisher: Ann Arbor, Mich. : University Microfilms International
Release Date : 2004
Sources Of Variation In The Foraging Behavior And Demography Of The Sea Otter Enhydra Lutris written by Martin Tim Tinker and has been published by Ann Arbor, Mich. : University Microfilms International this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004 with Sea otter categories.
Activity Budget Field Metabolic Rate And Foraging Ecology Of Female Sea Otters Enhydra Lutris Kenyoni With Dependent Pups In Alaska
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Author : Ryan Christopher Wolt
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
Activity Budget Field Metabolic Rate And Foraging Ecology Of Female Sea Otters Enhydra Lutris Kenyoni With Dependent Pups In Alaska written by Ryan Christopher Wolt and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with categories.
Sea otter (Enhydra lutris kenyoni) foraging behavior and prey preference (2001-2004) and the behavior and activity budgets of females with dependent pups (2005-2010) were studied during the summer (June-August) in Simpson Bay, Prince William Sound, Alaska. Unlike most previous studies of sea otters which were conducted in coastal areas with a rocky benthos and kelp canopy, the benthic habitat in this study was primarily soft sediment (mud or mixed mud and gravel) with no canopy-forming kelps. Foraging behavior and prey preference. A total of 1,816 foraging dives from 211 bouts were recorded. 87% of foraging dives were successful, and 44% of the prey was identified: 75% clams, 9% Pacific blue mussels, 6% crabs, 2% scallops and a variety of other invertebrates. Significantly more prey items/area were brought up from mixed mud/gravel than mud (p-value
Diving Energetics And Fine Scale Foraging Behaviour Of Avian Divers And Their Capacity To Buffer Environmental Change
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Author : Manfred Enstipp
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2005
Diving Energetics And Fine Scale Foraging Behaviour Of Avian Divers And Their Capacity To Buffer Environmental Change written by Manfred Enstipp and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005 with categories.
Avian divers are confronted with a number of physiological challenges when foraging in cold water, especially at depth. Diving is believed to be particularly costly in cormorants (Phalacrocoracidae) because of their poor insulation and less efficient foot-propulsion. I used open-circuit respirometry to study the energetic requirements of two Phalacrocorax species, the European shag (P. aristotelis) and the double-crested cormorant (P. auritus) when diving in a shallow (1 m) and deep (10 m) dive tank. I also investigated the modifying effects of water temperature and feeding status on dive costs. My results indicate that the energetic costs during shallow diving in European shags and double-crested cormorants are comparable to other foot-propelled divers. Metabolic rate was significantly increased when diving to greater depth and at lower water temperatures, while feeding before diving increased metabolic rate, albeit not significantly. The strong effects of depth and water temperature on cormorant diving metabolic rate are most likely a consequence of their partially wettable plumage and their reduced plumage air volume, which makes them prone to heat loss and, hence, increases thermoregulatory costs. The energetic requirements of animals have to be satisfied by intake of resources from the environment. Hence, the quest for food is a central aspect of animal behavior. Although the study of seabird foraging behaviour has greatly profited from recent technological developments, we still know little about predator-prey interactions on a fine scale. I used an underwater video array to investigate the prey-capture behaviour of double-crested cormorants foraging on live rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). I tested the effects of a variety of factors on the underwater foraging behaviour of cormorants and established a functional link between prey density and cormorant prey capture rate. Prey density and behaviour both significantly affected predator performance. At prey densities below 2-3 g fish m-3 birds increased their search time during a trial drastically, while prey-encounter rate was greatly decreased. When cormorants attacked shoaling rather than solitary trout, their capture success was significantly reduced, while pursuit duration was significantly increased. Seabird energetics and behaviour are typically studied on the individual or species level. However, if we want to understand how seabirds react to environmental changes, we have to consider entire communities. In the western North Sea, a large seabird assemblage critically depends on a single fish species, the lesser sandeel (Ammodytes marinus), which is also exploited by an industrial fishery. I developed an algorithm to test for the capacity of four seabird species during chick-rearing in Scotland to buffer a potential decline in sandeel abundance by increasing their foraging effort in various ways. My results show that under the conditions currently operating in this region shags and guillemots (Uria aalge) may have sufficient time and energy to allow them to increase their foraging effort considerably, while Kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla) and gannets (Morus bassanus) appear more constrained by time and energy respectively. My study suggests that during chick-rearing gannets are working at the highest metabolic level of all species considered and hence, have the least physiological capacity to increase foraging effort. This indicates that gannets could potentially be very sensitive to a reduction in sandeel abundance. My thesis emphasises the importance of taking into account seabird energetics as well as fine scale behavioural requirements, when trying to develop management schemes for fisheries that will allow the coexistence of both seabirds and human fishery in a sustainable way.
Physiological Capabilities And Behavioral Strategies For Marine Living By The Smallest Marine Mammal The Sea Otter Enhydra Lutris
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Author : Laura Carleen Yeates
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2006
Physiological Capabilities And Behavioral Strategies For Marine Living By The Smallest Marine Mammal The Sea Otter Enhydra Lutris written by Laura Carleen Yeates and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with Sea otter categories.
Photo Identification Summer Activity Pattern Estimated Field Metabolic Rate And Territory Quality Of Adult Male Sea Otters Enhydra Lutris In Simpson Bay Prince William Sound Alaska
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Author : Shannon Elizabeth Finerty
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2010
Photo Identification Summer Activity Pattern Estimated Field Metabolic Rate And Territory Quality Of Adult Male Sea Otters Enhydra Lutris In Simpson Bay Prince William Sound Alaska written by Shannon Elizabeth Finerty and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with Sea otter categories.
This project describes a portion of a long-term study of the behavioral ecology of sea otters. Sub-studies of this project include the development of an individual recognition program for sea otters, the construction of male sea otter activity and energy budgets, and the assessment of male sea otter territory quality. The Sea Otter Nose Matching Program, or "SONMaP", was developed to identify individual sea otters in Simpson Bay, Prince William Sound, Alaska, using a blotch-pattern recognition algorithm based on the shape and location of nose scars. The performance of the SONMaP program was tested using images of otters collected during the 2002-03 field seasons, and previously matched by visually comparing every image in a catalog of 1,638 animals. In 48.9% of the visually matched images, the program accurately selected the correct image in the first 10% of the catalog. Individual follows and instantaneous sampling were used during the summers of 2004-06, to observe male sea otter behavior. Six behaviors (foraging, grooming, interacting with other otters, patrolling, resting, and surface swimming) were observed during four time periods (dawn, day, dusk, night) to create 24-hr activity budgets. Male sea otters spent 27% of their time resting, 26% swimming, 19% grooming, 14% foraging, 9% patrolling and 5% interacting with other otters. Field Metabolic Rate (FMR) was estimated by combining the energetic costs for foraging, grooming, resting, and swimming behaviors of captive otters from Yeates et al. (2007) with these activity budgets. "Swimming" accounted for the greatest percentage (43%) of energy expended each day followed by grooming (23%), resting (15%), feeding (13%) and other (5%). With a peak summer sea otter density of 5.6 otters km-2, the low percentage of time spent foraging indicates that Simpson Bay is below equilibrium density. Territory quality was assessed for male sea otters using four attributes: territory size, shoreline enclosure, accessibility, and number of females observed feeding in each territory. Each attribute was coded with a score of 0-2, and total quality scores ranged from 0.14-1.96 (0.9 + 0.61 SD). High quality territories had large areas, moderate shoreline enclosure, high accessibility, and many foraging females.