Optimization Of Biomass To Liquid Plant Setups And Capacity Using Nonlinear Programming
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Optimization Of Biomass To Liquid Plant Setups And Capacity Using Nonlinear Programming
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Author : Lars-Peter Lauven
language : en
Publisher: Cuvillier Verlag
Release Date : 2011-10-12
Optimization Of Biomass To Liquid Plant Setups And Capacity Using Nonlinear Programming written by Lars-Peter Lauven and has been published by Cuvillier Verlag this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-10-12 with Business & Economics categories.
Potentially rising oil prices caused by an increasing relative scarcity of mineral oil have farreaching consequences for the transportation sector, the chemical industry and mineral oil companies in particular. As national laws in Germany require biofuels to be mixed into conventional fuel to an increasing extend (BioKraftQuG 2009), mineral oil companies need to identify economically competitive as well as technically feasible biofuel production processes to meet these requirements. A first generation of biofuels was introduced on a large scale but has been criticized for competing with the agricultural production of food and for yielding relatively modest quantities of fuel per hectare of agricultural land. For this reason, 2nd generation biofuel production pathways such as Biomass-to-Liquid (BtL), which convert lignocellulosic material into liquid hydrocarbons using Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, have been developed. While 2nd generation biofuels are superior to their 1st generation counterparts from a yield-per-hectare-perspective and cause less competition for agricultural soils, a significant disadvantage is the considerable investment required for the construction of Biomass-to-Liquid plants. The corresponding investment-related costs affect the competitiveness of 2nd generation biofuels negatively, leaving it in doubt whether BtL fuels could become an economically viable option. A frequently discussed way to improve specific investment-related costs is to increase plant sizes to improve economies of scale. While this improvement has been realized in several conventional kinds of plants like mineral oil refineries, power plants and Coal-to-Liquid plants, the application on BtL plants is complicated by the fact that larger plants are associated with higher specific biomass transportation costs. This is because a higher biomass input requires biomass to be transported over larger distances. The unresolved antagonism between economies of scale and specific biomass transportation costs has so far hindered the realization of BtL plants. The aim of this thesis is to develop a methodology to determine optimal BtL plant sizes by taking nonlinear factors into account. The methodology is required to determine a compromise between minimizing investment-related costs by applying economies of scale and minimizing specific biomass transportation costs by keeping the required transportation distances short. The optimal plant size is however influenced by a third influencing factor. Whether it is advantageous to transport biomass over a certain distance also depends on the value of a plant’s products. Biomass-to-Liquid plants can have a variety of product compositions depending on the catalyst and reaction temperature used in the biofuel synthesis reaction. Depending on which substances are produced and which are upgraded for sale, converted into fuels or combusted for electricity generation, both the value of the products and the required investment may differ considerably. While a number of processes, including biomass treatment and gasification, as well as the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis itself, are required for all considered plant setup alternatives, the choice of upgrading equipment may result in very dissimilar plant setups. By making the capacities of the individual upgrading processes the variables of the optimization model, economies of scale, specific biomass transportation costs and the products’ value are considered simultaneously for the first time. The thesis primarily focuses on the implementation of an optimization model and its application on a variety of scenarios. These scenarios are intended to represent different plant setups and logistics concepts. In order to assess the scale of differences in profitability, the essential influencing factors determining the profitability of BtL plants were included into the model calculations. As the problem at hand is neither linear nor quadratic, it cannot be solved reliably using established solvers for these two classes of problems. Instead, several solvers designed to handle non-quadratic nonlinear multidimensional problems were applied to find the most suitable way to approach the solution of the problem. The objective function has been designed to maximize the annual profit resulting from plant construction and operation. Maximizing this annual profit is subject to a number of primarily technical constraints. These result from the mass balances of the plant, its electricity demand and the specific requirements of individual processes. In addition to securing the validity of the mass balances, these constraints also ensure that the entire Fischer-Tropsch product stream undergoes some kind of upgrading, separation or combustion treatment. The sum of all processes producing salable products is used to approximate the required capacity of the plant as a whole. The total plant capacity then serves to calculate the investment required for the other plant processes and the costs for the purchase and transportation of the required input biomass. Biomass transportation distances are approximated by the radius of an assumed circular area from which biomass is supplied to the plant. Using cost functions that divide transportation costs into fixed and variable parts makes it possible to approximate the effect of rising specific biomass transportation costs in case of increasing plant capacities. The investigated scenario calculations suggest that under the assumed circumstances, fuel oriented low-temperature Fischer-Tropsch-based BtL plants are relatively competitive as long as the tax exemptions in Germany are maintained, but become significantly less attractive without them. By contrast, the combined production of both fuels and chemicals using hightemperature Fischer-Tropsch synthesis appears to be a more promising alternative, as chemicals are expected to earn a higher income in scenarios without tax exemptions. A third option, the production of Substitute Natural Gas, appears to be relatively uncompetitive unless methane prices rise significantly. In addition to comparing the economic attractiveness of different potential product distributions, a number of concepts have been investigated which are intended to improve Biomass-to-Liquid economics. Decentralized pretreatment of biomass, e.g. through fastpyrolysis, leads to larger optimal plant capacities, but the additional investment for the pretreatment units appears to overcompensate the improved economies of scale. By contrast, the combined use of train and road transportation was not assumed to be associated with additional investments. If train transportation is indeed feasible for a given plant location and specific biomass transportation costs are lower than for road transportation, combined traffic concepts should be used whenever possible. The construction of BtL plants in conjunction with mineral oil refineries is a way to reduce investment-related costs instead of transportation costs. While the resulting savings are significant for small BtL plants, they diminish if larger plant sizes are investigated. Cogasification of biomass with another input material is another way to reduce the costly transportation of biomass over large distances. Unless technical requirements significantly increase the cost of the gasification equipment, co-gasification concepts can improve the plant’s profitability even at relatively low quantities of a second fuel. The choice of fuels is however restricted by the Renewable Energy Directive that needs to be abided by in order to ensure the eligibility for tax exemptions. In case of lignite and hard coal, fossil CO2 emissions further complicate the application of co-gasification, as Renewable Energy Directive also limits the amount of fossil CO2 that biofuel production is allowed to cause. As savings caused by such concepts depend on the relative inefficiency of the concept that they are applied on, the effect of the implementation of several improvements diminishes if these address the same cost item. In this work, the nonlinear effects of economies of scale and biomass transportation costs for increasing Biomass-to-Liquid plant capacities has been modeled on a product-upgradingprocess basis for the first time. Potential investors and plant operators of Biomass-to-Liquid plants are thus enabled to determine both the optimal plant size and the most promising choice of products in order to maximize the prospective competitiveness of the plant.
Integrierte Standort Kapazit Ts Und Technologieplanung Von Wertsch Pfungsnetzwerken Zur Stofflichen Und Energetischen Biomassenutzung
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Author : Frank Schwaderer
language : de
Publisher: KIT Scientific Publishing
Release Date : 2014-07-30
Integrierte Standort Kapazit Ts Und Technologieplanung Von Wertsch Pfungsnetzwerken Zur Stofflichen Und Energetischen Biomassenutzung written by Frank Schwaderer and has been published by KIT Scientific Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-07-30 with Business & Economics categories.
Die industrielle Nutzung von Biomasse als Alternative zu klassischen Kohlenstoffträgern gewinnt aus ökologischen und ökonomischen Gründen an Bedeutung. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Entwicklung und Anwendung eines strategischen Planungsmodells für biomassebasierte Wertschöpfungsnetzwerke, in dem Standorte und Kapazitäten unter Berücksichtigung von Größendegressionseffekten, verschiedener Produktionsschritte einer Prozesskette sowie entscheidungsrelevanter Energie- und Stoffströme bestimmt werden.
Integration Of Clean And Sustainable Energy Resources And Storage In Multi Generation Systems
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Author : Farkhondeh Jabari
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2020-07-09
Integration Of Clean And Sustainable Energy Resources And Storage In Multi Generation Systems written by Farkhondeh Jabari and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-07-09 with Technology & Engineering categories.
This book presents design principles, performance assessment and robust optimization of different poly-generation systems using renewable energy sources and storage technologies. Uncertainties associated with demands or the intermittent nature of renewables are considered in decision making processes. Economic and environmental benefits of these systems in comparison with traditional fossil fuels based ones are also provided. Case studies, numerical results, discussions, and concluding remarks have been presented for each proposed system/strategy. This book is a useful tool for students, researchers, and engineers trying to design and evaluate different zero-energy and zero-emission stand-alone grids.
Algal Bioreactors
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Author : Eduardo Jacob-Lopes
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2024-11-21
Algal Bioreactors written by Eduardo Jacob-Lopes and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-11-21 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Algal Bioreactors: Science, Engineering and Technology of Upstream Processes, Volume One, is part of a comprehensive two-volume set that provides all of the knowledge needed to design, develop, and operate algal bioreactors for the production of renewable resources. Supported by critical parameters and properties, mathematical models and calculations, methods, and practical real-world case studies, readers will find everything they need to know on the upstream and downstream processes of algal bioreactors for renewable resource production.Bringing together renowned experts in microalgal biotechnology, this book will help researchers, scientists, and engineers from academia and industry overcome barriers and advance the production of renewable resources and renewable energy from algae. Students will also find invaluable explanations of the fundamentals and key principles of algal bioreactors, making it an accessible read for students of engineering, microbiology, biochemistry, biotechnology, and environmental sciences. - Presents the physical, biological, environmental, and economic parameters of upstream processes in the operation and development of algal bioreactors to produce renewable resources - Explains the main configurations and designs of algal bioreactors, presenting recent innovations and future trends - Integrates the scientific, engineering, technology, environmental, and economic aspects of producing renewable resources and other valuable bioproducts using algal bioreactors - Provides real-world case studies at various scales to demonstrate the practical implementation of the various technologies and methods discussed
Applied Mechanics Reviews
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1994
Applied Mechanics Reviews written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1994 with Mechanics, Applied categories.
Scientific And Technical Aerospace Reports
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1983-11
Scientific And Technical Aerospace Reports written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1983-11 with Aeronautics categories.
Wrc Information
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Author : Water Research Centre (Great Britain).
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1976
Wrc Information written by Water Research Centre (Great Britain). and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1976 with Water categories.
Government Reports Announcements Index
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1995
Government Reports Announcements Index written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1995 with Science categories.
Pollution Abstracts
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1996
Pollution Abstracts written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1996 with Pollution categories.
Indexes material from conference proceedings and hard-to-find documents, in addition to journal articles. Over 1,000 journals are indexed and literature published from 1981 to the present is covered. Topics in pollution and its management are extensively covered from the standpoints of atmosphere, emissions, mathematical models, effects on people and animals, and environmental action. Major areas of coverage include: air pollution, marine pollution, freshwater pollution, sewage and wastewater treatment, waste management, land pollution, toxicology and health, noise, and radiation.
Backpacker
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2007-09
Backpacker written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-09 with categories.
Backpacker brings the outdoors straight to the reader's doorstep, inspiring and enabling them to go more places and enjoy nature more often. The authority on active adventure, Backpacker is the world's first GPS-enabled magazine, and the only magazine whose editors personally test the hiking trails, camping gear, and survival tips they publish. Backpacker's Editors' Choice Awards, an industry honor recognizing design, feature and product innovation, has become the gold standard against which all other outdoor-industry awards are measured.