Overfitting And Heuristics In Philosophy
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Overfitting And Heuristics In Philosophy
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Author : Timothy Williamson
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2024-11
Overfitting And Heuristics In Philosophy written by Timothy Williamson and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-11 with Philosophy categories.
"The main aim of this book is to encourage philosophers to take a more sophisticated and scientific attitude to their handling of evidence, both in theory and in practice, by introducing two categories neglected in current metaphilosophy. The first category is that of heuristics. These are typically efficient ways of solving problems of some kind, quick and easy to use, and mostly but not always reliable. Those most probably central to philosophical methodology are more or less humanly universal general cognitive heuristics which we employ without conscious reflection. In many plausible cases, they can be shown to be implicitly inconsistent, and so cannot be perfectly valid, though for evolutionary reasons they are likely to be fairly reliable in normal cases. Such heuristics may well generate false but convincing data as applied to some actual or hypothetical. Arguably, the heuristics also generate philosophical paradoxes, just as heuristics embedded in our perceptual systems generate perceptual illusions. The second category is that of overfitting. This is a recognized pathology in science, when models are allowed to become very complicated to achieve a close fit with data, and further complications typically keep having to be made as new data comes in. When the data contains errors, such theorizing provides little insight. Scientists guard against overfitting by strongly preferring comparatively simple models. Philosophers should learn to do the same. This approach is applied to debates between coarse-grained (intensionalist) and fine-grained (hyperintensionalist) theories of metaphysics, ascriptions of propositional attitudes, and other topics, in favour of intensionalism"--
Overfitting And Heuristics In Philosophy
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Author : Timothy Williamson
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2024-11
Overfitting And Heuristics In Philosophy written by Timothy Williamson and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-11 with Mathematics categories.
Noted philosopher Timothy Williamson uses ideas from contemporary psychology and data-driven science to identify defects in how many philosophers arrive at their theories, because they rely on common sense ways of thinking that are correct most but not all the time. When those ways of thinking are pushed too far, what Williamson refers to as overfitting can result in philosophical paradoxes. He shows how philosophers have over-complicated their theories in futile attempts to accommodate erroneous 'data' and he documents these problems in detail through case studies of contemporary philosophy. He also discusses what philosophers can do to avoid these problems. Williamson's important diagnosis and prescription will be of interest to a wide range of philosophers.
Suppose And Tell
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Author : Timothy Williamson
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2020
Suppose And Tell written by Timothy Williamson and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020 with Philosophy categories.
What does 'if' mean? This book argues for a new approach to understanding conditionals, based on the idea that in assessing them we are guided by psychological heuristics, fast and frugal methods, mostly but not always reliable, although the user may have no advance warning from the inside of their fallibility. As a result, philosophers and linguists have been led astray in theorizing about conditionals, because they have taken erroneous judgements about examples as data; simple theories have been too quickly dismissed. The main heuristic involves making a supposition and exploring its consequences, often in the imagination. Although powerful, this methods can lead to paradoxes. A secondary heuristic is to accept heuristic are sometimes in tension. However, formal results help show why the simple 'material' semantics makes the best sense of the two heuristics, even though they generate apparent counter-examples to that semantics. The second half of the book presents a new theory of the meaning of counterfactuals about what would be if things were different; it is explained in terms of the separate meanings of 'if' and 'would'. This account is applied to the role of counterfactuals in thought experiments. Suppose and Tell: The Semantics and Heuristics of Conditionals analyses a wide variety of linguistic data, and discusses the cognitive value of conditionals in our lives, from everyday decision-making to mathematical proofs. Wider implications are drawn for the nature of meaning and its non-transparency to native speakers, vagueness in thought and language, and the need for semantics to attend to the unreliable heuristics underlying our judgements. Book jacket.
Methods And Skills For Philosophy
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Author : Jesper Kallestrup
language : en
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Release Date : 2024-10-10
Methods And Skills For Philosophy written by Jesper Kallestrup and has been published by Taylor & Francis this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-10-10 with Philosophy categories.
Methods and Skills for Philosophy introduces students to methodologies, strategies, heuristics and formal tools which are typically employed in contemporary analytic philosophy. This helpful resource gets the reader to engage with the analytical skills required to master postgraduate studies in philosophy. In conjunction with analysing texts, reflecting on arguments and trying to solve problems, the book will help instil in students the kind of understanding, knowledge and skills they need to succeed at the postgraduate level. More specifically, students will have a better grasp of how to pose a succinct research question and then critically pursue the proposed topic by engaging with relevant literature, reflecting on philosophical presuppositions, selecting suitable argumentative strategies and defending a preferred view against objections. Topics covered include: the nature and character of arguments conceptual analysis analytical truths logic and language models of explanation and reduction strategies and dialectics rational intuitions. Methods and Skills for Philosophy: An Advanced Guide provides a comprehensive and accessible introduction to philosophical methods. It is a must-read for advanced undergraduate or postgraduate students of philosophy, and also suitable for those studying postgraduate philosophy who have a background in other academic disciplines.
The Routledge Handbook Of Philosophy Of Disagreement
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Author : Maria Baghramian
language : en
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Release Date : 2024-11-26
The Routledge Handbook Of Philosophy Of Disagreement written by Maria Baghramian and has been published by Taylor & Francis this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-11-26 with Philosophy categories.
Disagreement is one of the deepest and most pervasive topics in philosophy; arguably its very bedrock, and is an ever-increasing feature of politics, ethics, public policy, science and many other areas. Despite the omnipresence of disagreement, the topic itself has received relatively little sustained examination. This outstanding handbook examines the philosophy of disagreement and how it extends to debates in public policy and science. Comprising 41 chapters by an international team of highly distinguished contributors, the Handbook is divided into six clear parts: Philosophy of Disagreement Epistemology of Disagreement Disagreement in Science Moral Disagreement Political Disagreement Disagreement and Public Policy Within these sections key topics are examined, including skepticism, truth, pluralism, feminist philosophy, philosophy of religion, epistemology of peer disagreement, ethics, metaethics, political philosophy, rationality, intellectual virtues, relativism, realism, instrumentalism, and scientific method. Ideal for those studying and researching philosophy and especially epistemology, ethics and philosophy of science, The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Disagreement will also be of interest to those in related disciplines such as politics, social policy and law.
Good As Usual
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Author : Timothy Williamson
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2024-12-10
Good As Usual written by Timothy Williamson and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-12-10 with Philosophy categories.
Good as Usual argues that contemporary discussion on the nature of norms and values goes wrong by treating them as exceptional and mysterious, since they do not fit popular philosophical assumptions about metaphysics, epistemology, and the philosophy of language. Timothy Williamson shows that, once we throw out those preconceived and outdated ideas, we can understand moral and evaluative features of reality as similar to its other features, and capable of being known and described in similar ways. The result is a new and anti-reductionist form of moral and evaluative realism and cognitivism. Williamson applies the same approach to practical reasoning about what to do, criticizing the subjectivist assumptions of standard decision theory, showing how the desires as well as the beliefs on which we act can amount to knowledge, and how connections between the justification of belief and the justification of action can benefit epistemology. Light is cast on the nature of rationality by a sharp distinction between rational beliefs and rational believers. Subtle logical fallacies about permissibility, obligation, and reasons are shown to have confused our normative thinking. This volume brings together and expands all of the author's work on normativity and value; it can be understood as the application to practical philosophy of the approach to theoretical philosophy developed in earlier work.
Putting Knowledge To Work
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Author :
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2024-07-13
Putting Knowledge To Work written by and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-07-13 with Philosophy categories.
In the 21st century knowledge-centered approaches have become increasingly popular in analytic epistemology. Rather than trying to account for knowledge in other terms, these approaches take knowledge as the starting-point for the elucidation of other epistemic notions (such as belief, justification, rationality, etc.). Knowledge-centered approaches have been so influential that it now looks like epistemology is undergoing a factive turn. However, relatively little has been done to explore how knowledge-centered views fare in new fields inside and beyond epistemology. This volume aims at remedying this situation by putting together contributions that investigate the significance of knowledge in debates where its roles have been less explored. The goal is to see how far knowledge-centered views can go by exploring new prospects and identifying new trends of research for the knowledge-first program. Extending knowledge-centered approaches in this way not only promises to deliver novel insights in these neglected fields, but also to revisit more traditional debates from a fresh perspective. As a whole, the volume develops and evaluates the knowledge-first program in original and fertile ways.
Suspension In Epistemology And Beyond
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Author : Verena Wagner
language : en
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Release Date : 2025-03-31
Suspension In Epistemology And Beyond written by Verena Wagner and has been published by Taylor & Francis this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2025-03-31 with Philosophy categories.
This is the first volume dedicated to suspension of judgment. It features cutting-edge research from leading scholars on one of the main areas of contemporary epistemology and neighboring fields. The contributors examine the concept of suspension from various perspectives, encompassing historical and contemporary approaches, its nature and normativity, and its relationship to other philosophical concepts as well as interdisciplinary applications. They address a wide range of crucial issues, including but not limited to: What is the nature of suspension? Can we suspend judgment voluntarily? Is there more than one kind of suspension? What are the norms for suspension? What is the relation between epistemic and prudential norms for suspension? What is the logic of suspension and how can we formally represent different forms of suspension? What is the role of suspension for rational decision? What is the relation of suspension of judgment and abstention of action? What is the relation between suspension and inquiry? How does suspension relate to doubt, ignorance, and indecision? How does the Pyrrhonian notion of suspension of judgment relate to modern accounts? Suspension in Epistemology and Beyond will be of interest to scholars and graduate students working in epistemology, philosophy of mind, and history of philosophy.
Saul Kripke On Modal Logic
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Author : Yale Weiss
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2024-10-02
Saul Kripke On Modal Logic written by Yale Weiss and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-10-02 with Philosophy categories.
This edited volume brings together papers by both eminent and rising scholars to celebrate Saul Kripke’s singular contributions to modal logic. Kripke’s work on modal logic helped usher in a new semantic epoch for the field and made facility with modal logic indispensable not only to technically oriented philosophers but to theoretical computer scientists and others as well. This volume features previously unpublished work of Kripke’s as well as a brief intellectual biography recounting the story of how Kripke became interested in, and made his first contributions to, modal logic. However, the majority of the volume’s contributions are forward-looking, and produce new philosophical and technical insights by engaging with ideas tracing back to Kripke.
The Philosophy Of Philosophy
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Author : Timothy Williamson
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2008-04-30
The Philosophy Of Philosophy written by Timothy Williamson and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-04-30 with Philosophy categories.
The second volume in the Blackwell Brown Lectures in Philosophy, this volume offers an original and provocative take on the nature and methodology of philosophy. Based on public lectures at Brown University, given by the pre-eminent philosopher, Timothy Williamson Rejects the ideology of the 'linguistic turn', the most distinctive trend of 20th century philosophy Explains the method of philosophy as a development from non-philosophical ways of thinking Suggests new ways of understanding what contemporary and past philosophers are doing