Pain And Itch
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Substances Producing Pain And Itch
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Author : Cyril Arthur Keele
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1964
Substances Producing Pain And Itch written by Cyril Arthur Keele and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1964 with Chemicals categories.
Itch And Pain
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Author : Gil Yosipovitch
language : en
Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Release Date : 2020-03-20
Itch And Pain written by Gil Yosipovitch and has been published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-03-20 with Medical categories.
Providing for the first time a comprehensive overview of the common and different pathways and mechanisms of itch and pain, this unique title explores these two distinct and still somehow similar sensory experiences and utilize the cross-fertilization between the two fields to develop better treatments for patients. Itch and Pain: Similarities, Interactions and Differences is the only available, up-to-date guide to current information in this important area, ideal for basic scientists as well as clinicians in dermatology, pain, neurology, medicine, psychology, or other specialties.
Translational Research In Pain And Itch
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Author : Chao Ma
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2016-02-22
Translational Research In Pain And Itch written by Chao Ma and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-02-22 with Medical categories.
This book provides a comprehensive review of the latest advances in translational pain and itch research, and presents the cutting-edge developments in the study of our two principal, yet most mysteries sensations. Despite the slow progress in the discovery of effective therapies for chronic pain and pruritus, scientists around the globe now have a better understanding of why and how these conditions occur. Based on these findings, a series of novel treatment strategies are currently under development, and hopefully in a few years, medical practitioners will become more confident and optimistic when facing patients with these annoying and sometimes severe disorders. The contributing authors are world-renowned research scientists, who have made significant discoveries. The book is of interest to neuroscientists, neurologists and pharmacologists
Itch
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Author : E. Carstens
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2014-02-25
Itch written by E. Carstens and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-02-25 with Science categories.
Advances in itch research have elucidated differences between itch and pain but have also blurred the distinction between them. There is a long debate about how somatic sensations including touch, pain, itch, and temperature sensitivity are encoded by the nervous system. Research suggests that each sensory modality is processed along a fixed, direct-line communication system from the skin to the brain. Itch: Mechanisms and Treatment presents a timely update on all aspects of itch research and the clinical treatment of itch that accompanies many dermatological conditions including psoriasis, neuropathic itch, cutaneous t-cells lymphomas, and systemic diseases such as kidney and liver disease and cancer. Composed of contributions from distinguished researchers around the world, the book explores topics such as: Neuropathic itch Peripheral neuronal mechanism of itch The role of PAR-2 in neuroimmune communication and itch Mrgprs as itch receptors The role of interleukin-31 and oncostatin M in itch and neuroimmune communication Spinal coding of itch and pain Spinal microcircuits and the regulation of itch Examining new findings on cellular and molecular mechanisms, the book is a compendium of the most current research on itch, its prevalence in society, and the problems associated with treatment.
Molecular And Genetic Studies Of Pain And Itch
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Author : Todd Michael Dembo
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2017
Molecular And Genetic Studies Of Pain And Itch written by Todd Michael Dembo and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017 with categories.
Chronic pain and itch pose ever present, steadily growing burdens to human health. Still, we have limited understanding of the mechanisms that underlie their development and persistence. Furthermore, treatments for these conditions tend to be palliative, rather than curative, leading to mixed patient outcomes. With this in mind, we used next generation sequencing to assemble a transcriptional profile of the molecular changes in skin and sensory neurons that associate with a unique, stochastic mouse model of atopic dermatitis. This model combines the genetic sensitization of a PAR2 overexpression animal with environmental challenge by house dust mite allergens. To our knowledge, this is the first profiling effort that broadened its focus beyond the skin to look at the important, itch-facilitating contribution of sensory neurons. An interesting feature of this PAR2 model is that, by virtue of its stochasticity, it may allow for the independent identification of both protective and deleterious changes. These datasets will serve as useful resources for clinicians and researchers interested in the pathogenesis and prevention of atopic dermatitis.
Pain And Itch
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Author : Gordon Ethelbert Ward Wolstenholme
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1959
Pain And Itch written by Gordon Ethelbert Ward Wolstenholme and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1959 with Nerves categories.
Pharmacology Of Itch
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Author : Alan Cowan
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2015-04-10
Pharmacology Of Itch written by Alan Cowan and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-04-10 with Medical categories.
Basic research on the pharmacology of itch has exploded in the wake of two very influential papers that were published in Nature (2007) and Science (2009). Long overlooked as a milder form of pain, itching has rapidly gained a new appreciation in both research and clinical communities because of its complexity and its negative effects on the quality of life of the distressed patients. Like pain, not all itches are the same. Unlike pain, there are no standard drugs equivalent to aspirin and morphine. Epidemiological studies emphasize the high incidence and economic costs of itch (pruritus). It is the most prevalent symptom of a wide variety of allergic and inflammatory skin conditions (e.g., psoriasis, atopic dermatitis), is associated with several systemic diseases (e.g., chronic kidney and liver disease), and occurs in patients undergoing hemodialysis, spinal administration of opioids, and in those suffering from AIDS. The reader will learn about the multiple pathways for itch and their interactions with pain. The relationship between these closely related, yet distinct sensory phenomena, will be emphasized. Both itch and pain use several common molecules to send signals to the brain. Thus, drugs that have been, and are being, developed as analgesics may also attenuate intractable itch. This has been an exciting and very necessary turn of events since traditional H-1 receptor antagonists are ineffective in blocking the pruritus associated with kidney failure and cholestasis. The clinical chapters will provide insights into contemporary treatment regimens for pruritus in different human scenarios.
Descending Modulation Of Itch And Pain
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Author : Taylor Follansbee
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2020
Descending Modulation Of Itch And Pain written by Taylor Follansbee and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020 with categories.
Itch is commonly defined as an unpleasant sensation associated with the desire to scratch. The neural pathways underlying the sensation of itch are poorly understood, and the present dissertation elucidates 3 components of the itch signaling pathway by: 1) Investigating the role of descending modulation in spinal itch transmission, 2) Investigating the role of Trp channels in the development of dermatitis in the imiquimod model and 3) Investigating the mechanism of cinnamaldehyde evoked itch. The role of descending modulation in spinal itch transmission: The rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) contains neurons with descending projections to the spinal cord which are known to modulate spinal nociceptive transmission. Within the RVM 2 major classes of cells have been identified in the nociceptive transmission pathway. The first are RVM ON cells which have a low tonic firing rate but increase in firing when noxious stimulation is applied. The second are RVM OFF cells, which have a high tonic firing rate but decrease in firing when noxious stimulation is applied. RVM ON cells facilitate the spinal nociceptive pathway, while RVM OFF cells inhibit it. Previous studies identified the substance P (SP) cognate receptor, tachykinin-1 receptor (NK-1R), in RVM ON cells. In some studies, injection of SP decreased mechanical and thermal nociceptive thresholds and antagonism of NK-1R reduced the development of hypersensitivity in chronic pain models. The studies described in chapter 2 investigated if RVM ON and OFF cells are excited and inhibited, respectively by pruritogens as they are by noxious pinch. We found that RVM ON cells are excited by intradermal injection of the pruritogens, histamine and chloroquine, as well as capsaicin and scratching, in a manner consistent with their response to noxious pinch. The same stimuli elicited a pause in firing of OFF cells. Furthermore, in chapter 3 we investigated the role of RVM ON and OFF cells in descending modulation of scratching behavior. We found the following: •intramedullary injection of SP reduced pruritogen evoked scratching behavior and reduced the mechanical nociceptive threshold •intramedullary SP facilitated responses of ON cells recorded using electrophysiology •chemogenetic activation of RVM NK-1R expressing neurons reduced acute pruritogen evoked scratching behavior with no effect on thermal or mechanical nociception, and also reduced spontaneous scratching and mechanical itch (alloknesis) in the imiquimod model of chronic itch •single-unit recordings from RVM NK-1R expressing neurons targeted to express channelrhodopsin (ChR2) revealed that the majority of ON cells were entrained to optic stimulation while approximately 50% of OFF cells were inhibited by optic stimulation •opto- and chemogenetic activation of serotonin (5-HT) expressing RVM neurons had little or no effect on pruritogen-evoked scratching or thermal or mechanical nociception. These results show that the RVM ON and OFF cells respond to pruritogens and the RVM ON/NK-1R expressing neurons exert an inhibitory input onto the spinal pruriceptive pathway. The role of Trp channels in the development of dermatitis in the imiquimod model: Plaque psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that affects 0.5 - 11.4% of the world's population, depending on region. This disorder is characterized by scaly, thick skin, itch ranging from mild to severe in approximately 50-70% of cases, and frequently itch from light touch (such as clothing contacting skin, called "alloknesis"). Imiquimod has been used to create a mouse model of plaque psoriasis. In chapter 4, we showed that imiquimod -treated male, but not female, wildtype (WT) mice exhibited significant increases in spontaneous scratching, while both sexes exhibited increased alloknesis, indicative of chronic itch. Male and female TrpV1 and male TrpA1 knockout (KO) mice also exhibited a significant increase in spontaneous scratching following imiquimod treatment. Male TrpA1 and TrpV1 KO mice showed significantly lower alloknesis scores following imiquimod treatment compared to WT mice. In contrast to the relatively small differences in behavioral phenotype of WT, TRPV1 and TRPA1KOs, there were significant reductions in transdermal epithelial water loss (TEWL) as well as reductions in epidermal thickness, angiogenesis, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and psoriasis related genes in both TRPV1 (chapter 5) and TRPA1 KO mice (chapter 6) compared to WTs. These results imply that TrpV1 and TrpA1 have a limited role in itch-related behavior but play a significant role in the recruitment of inflammatory immune cells and degradation of the epidermal barrier in the imiquimod model of psoriasis. The mechanism of cinnamaldehyde evoked itch: Cinnamaldehyde (CA) is a novel pruritogen which elicits a sensation of itch and accompanying alloknesis when applied to human skin. In chapter 7 we investigated whether CA elicits scratching behavior and if TrpV1, TrpV4 and TrpA1 were necessary for CA evoked scratching behavior and activation of sensory dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells. We made the following observations: •Intradermal injection of CA elicited a dose dependent increase in scratching but not pain-related wiping behavior in the cheek model, with no sex difference •CA-evoked scratching was significantly lower in TRPV1 and TRPA1KO mice •CA-evoked scratching was not mediated by histamine, as it was normal in Mast cell-deficient mice and was not reduced by an antihistamine •CA application resulted in increased alloknesis •Alloknesis was greater in TRPV1 and TRPA1KO mice compared to WTs •CA activated 24% of DRG cells from WTs and significantly fewer in TRPV4KO mice, consistent with the behavioral data •CA did not activate any DRG cells from TRPA1KO mice, indicating that its pruritic effect is independent of TRPA1 •CA does not act by release of the cytokine IL-4, which did not excite any DRG cells from TRPA1KO mice •IL-4 sensitized DRG cell responses to CA. These results indicate that TrpA1 and IL-4 are not involved in CA-evoked scratching, which partly depends on TrpV1 and TrpV4.
Pain And Itch
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1959
Pain And Itch written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1959 with categories.
Magnetoencephalography
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Author : Selma Supek
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2014-08-07
Magnetoencephalography written by Selma Supek and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-08-07 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is an invaluable functional brain imaging technique that provides direct, real-time monitoring of neuronal activity necessary for gaining insight into dynamic cortical networks. Our intentions with this book are to cover the richness and transdisciplinary nature of the MEG field, make it more accessible to newcomers and experienced researchers and to stimulate growth in the MEG area. The book presents a comprehensive overview of MEG basics and the latest developments in methodological, empirical and clinical research, directed toward master and doctoral students, as well as researchers. There are three levels of contributions: 1) tutorials on instrumentation, measurements, modeling, and experimental design; 2) topical reviews providing extensive coverage of relevant research topics; and 3) short contributions on open, challenging issues, future developments and novel applications. The topics range from neuromagnetic measurements, signal processing and source localization techniques to dynamic functional networks underlying perception and cognition in both health and disease. Topical reviews cover, among others: development on SQUID-based and novel sensors, multi-modal integration (low field MRI and MEG; EEG and fMRI), Bayesian approaches to multi-modal integration, direct neuronal imaging, novel noise reduction methods, source-space functional analysis, decoding of brain states, dynamic brain connectivity, sensory-motor integration, MEG studies on perception and cognition, thalamocortical oscillations, fetal and neonatal MEG, pediatric MEG studies, cognitive development, clinical applications of MEG in epilepsy, pre-surgical mapping, stroke, schizophrenia, stuttering, traumatic brain injury, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, autism, aging and neurodegeneration, MEG applications in cognitive neuropharmacology and an overview of the major open-source analysis tools.