Paradoxes Of Rationality And Cooperation
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Paradoxes Of Rationality And Cooperation
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Author : Richmond Campbell
language : en
Publisher: UBC Press
Release Date : 1985
Paradoxes Of Rationality And Cooperation written by Richmond Campbell and has been published by UBC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1985 with Literary Criticism categories.
This anthology, the first to bring together the most importantphilosophical essays on the paradoxes, analyses the concepts underlyingthe Prisoner's Dilemma and Newcomb's Problem and evaluates theproposed solutions. The relevant theories have been developed over thepast four decades in a variety of disciplines: mathematics, economics,psychology, political science, biology, and philosophy. And theproblems these paradoxes uncover can arise in many different forms: indebates over nuclear disarmament, labour-management disputes, maritalconflicts, Calvinist theology, and even in the evolution of diseasethrough the "cooperation" of microorganisms. Thepossibilities for application are virtually limitless.
Paradox
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Author : Doris Olin
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2014-12-18
Paradox written by Doris Olin and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-12-18 with Philosophy categories.
Paradoxes are more than just intellectual puzzles - they raise substantive philosophical issues and offer the promise of increased philosophical knowledge. In this introduction to paradox and paradoxes, Doris Olin shows how seductive paradoxes can be, why they confuse and confound, and why they continue to fascinate. Olin examines the nature of paradox, outlining a rigorous definition and providing a clear and incisive statement of what does and does not count as a resolution of a paradox. The view that a statement can be both true and false, that contradictions can be true, is seen to provide a challenge to the account of paradox resolution, and is explored. With this framework in place, the book then turns to an in-depth treatment of the Prediction Paradox, versions of the Preface/Fallibility Paradox, the Lottery Paradox, Newcomb's Problem, the Prisoner's Dilemma and the Sorites Paradox. Each of these paradoxes is shown to have considerable philosophical punch. Olin unpacks the central arguments in a clear and systematic fashion, offers original analyses and solutions, and exposes further unsettling implications for some of our most deep-seated principles and convictions.
Paradoxes
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Author : R. M. Sainsbury
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2009-02-19
Paradoxes written by R. M. Sainsbury and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-02-19 with Philosophy categories.
A paradox can be defined as an unacceptable conclusion derived by apparently acceptable reasoning from apparently acceptable premises. Many paradoxes raise serious philosophical problems, and they are associated with crises of thought and revolutionary advances. The expanded and revised third edition of this intriguing book considers a range of knotty paradoxes including Zeno's paradoxical claim that the runner can never overtake the tortoise, a new chapter on paradoxes about morals, paradoxes about belief, and hardest of all, paradoxes about truth. The discussion uses a minimum of technicality but also grapples with complicated and difficult considerations, and is accompanied by helpful questions designed to engage the reader with the arguments. The result is not only an explanation of paradoxes but also an excellent introduction to philosophical thinking.
Paradoxical Effects Of Social Behavior
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Author : A. Diekmann
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Paradoxical Effects Of Social Behavior written by A. Diekmann and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Social Science categories.
In the history of science "paradoxes" are not only amusing puzzles and chal lenges to the human mind but also driving forces of scientific development. The notion of "paradox" is intimately related to the notion of "contradiction". Logi cal paradoxes allow for the derivation of contradictory propositions (e.g. "Rus sell's set of all sets not being members of themselves" or the ancient problem with propositions like "I am lying" 1), normative paradoxes deal with contradic tions among equally well accepted normative postulates (Arrow's "impossibility theorem", Sen's "Impossibility of a Paretian Liberal") and "factual" paradoxes refer to conflicts between conventional opinion based on an accepted empirical theory and contradictory empirical evidence (e.g. the "St. Petersburg paradox" or the "Allais paradox" in decision theory2). Paradoxes, either logical, normative or factual, also contradict our intui tions. The counter-intuitive property which seems to be a common feature of all paradoxes plays an important part in the empirical social sciences, particularly in the old research tradition of scrutinizing the unintended consequences of pur posive actions. Expectations based on naive theories ignoring interdependencies between individual actions are very often in conflict with "surprising" empirical evidence on collective results of social behavior. Examples are numerous reach ing from panic situations, the individual struggle for status gains resulting in collective deprivation, the less than optimal supply of collective goods etc. to global problems of the armament race and mismanagement of common resources.
Prisoners Of Reason
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Author : S. M. Amadae
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2016-01-14
Prisoners Of Reason written by S. M. Amadae and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-01-14 with Mathematics categories.
Using the theory of Prisoner's Dilemma, Prisoners of Reason explores how neoliberalism departs from classic liberalism and how it rests on game theory.
The Philosophical Computer
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Author : Patrick Grim
language : en
Publisher: MIT Press
Release Date : 1998
The Philosophical Computer written by Patrick Grim and has been published by MIT Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1998 with Computers categories.
Philosophical modeling is as old as philosophy itself; examples range from Plato's Cave and the Divided Line to Rawls's original position. What is new are the astounding computational resources now available for philosophical modeling. Although the computer cannot offer a substitute for philosophical research, it can offer an important new environment for philosophical research. The authors present a series of exploratory examples of computer modeling, using a range of computational techniques to illuminate a variety of questions in philosophy and philosophical logic. Topics include self-reference and paradox in fuzzy logics, varieties of epistemic chaos, fractal images of formal systems, and cellular automata models in game theory. Examples in the last category include models for the evolution of generosity, possible causes and cures for discrimination, and the formal undecidability of patterns of social and biological interaction. The cross-platform CD-ROM provided with the book contains a variety of working examples, in color and often operating dynamically, embedded in a text that parallels that of the book. Source code of all major programs is included to facilitate further research.
Managing The Commons Second Edition
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Author : John A. Baden
language : en
Publisher: Indiana University Press
Release Date : 1998-04-22
Managing The Commons Second Edition written by John A. Baden and has been published by Indiana University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1998-04-22 with Political Science categories.
Garrett Hardin's seminal essay "The Tragedy of the Commons" appeared in 1968 and has been at the center of the debate on commonly owned ground or resources such as Western public grazing or the oceans. This is the second edition of a book exploring the issues raised in Hardin's essay. As scarce resources are increasingly strained. It is ever more crucial to identify those resources which are held in common and are therefore prone to "tragic" waste and abuses. The essay in this volume focus on alternate institutional approaches to managing these resources to prevent such tragedy.
Disasters And Dilemmas
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Author : Adam Morton
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2017-09-27
Disasters And Dilemmas written by Adam Morton and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-09-27 with Philosophy categories.
The author presents a number of strategies for making decisions based on desires or values which are incompatible or which conflict with one another in various ways. Cases discussed include conflicts of first and second order desires, conflicts between desires for present and for future ends, problems deriving from anticipated changes of desire, risk-taking problems, and coordination problems. One central claim of the book is that the same dilemma-managing strategies can be applied to all of these. The book also argues that many of the characteristics of moral dilemmas appear in non-moral decision-making. The relations between these strategies and utility-maximizing decision rules are subtle, and are explored throughout the book. To some extent the strategies apply to cases which are too complicated for utility-maximization to apply. Some of them also apply to the early stages of decision-making where utility-maximization does not enter, for example, in selecting a list of options for serious consideration. In some tidy cases, though, the strategies give different recommendations. This book is meant to have both a theoretical and a practical appeal, deriving from our need for ways of making decisions that do not force us to find trade-offs between goods or values which are hard to compare. The strategies presented in the book are meant to be usable in situations which seem to force decision-makers to balance very different quantities, and the discussion of them is meant as a contribution to debates about incomparable values, moral dilemmas and rational decision.
Principles And Practice Of American Politics
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Author : Steven S. Smith
language : en
Publisher: CQ Press
Release Date : 2024-08-26
Principles And Practice Of American Politics written by Steven S. Smith and has been published by CQ Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2024-08-26 with Political Science categories.
Combining timeless readings with cutting-edge, current selections, Principles and Practice of American Politics effectively animates today′s institutions and political arrangements in the study of American Government and politics. Each selection is artfully framed by contextual headnotes, and many of the readings are written specifically for the volume. The Eighth Edition includes readings that present institutions of majority rule, the nature of racial discrimination, the proper role of the court, and other issues that provide students an opportunity to think through and discuss their views on the future direction of American civic life.
The Self In Social Judgment
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Author : Mark D. Alicke
language : en
Publisher: Psychology Press
Release Date : 2013-05-13
The Self In Social Judgment written by Mark D. Alicke and has been published by Psychology Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-05-13 with Psychology categories.
The volume begins with a historical overview of the self in social judgment and outlines the major issues. Subsequent chapters, all written by leading experts in their respective areas, identify and elaborate four major themes regarding the self in social judgment: · the role of the self as an information source for evaluating others, or what has been called 'social projection' · the assumption of personal superiority as reflected in the pervasive tendency for people to view their characteristics more favorably than those of others · the role of the self as a comparison standard from or toward which other people's behaviors and attributes are assimilated or contrasted · the relative weight people place on the individual and collective selves in defining their attributes and comparing them to those of other people