Parents Incomes And Children S Outcomes
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Parents Incomes And Children S Outcomes
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Author : Randall K. Q. Akee
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2008
Parents Incomes And Children S Outcomes written by Randall K. Q. Akee and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008 with categories.
The Influence Of Parental Income On Children S Outcomes
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Author : Susan E. Mayer
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2002
The Influence Of Parental Income On Children S Outcomes written by Susan E. Mayer and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002 with Child development categories.
An Incentive Model Of The Effect Of Parental Income On Children
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Author : Bruce A. Weinberg
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2001
An Incentive Model Of The Effect Of Parental Income On Children written by Bruce A. Weinberg and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001 with categories.
Economists explain the positive relationship between parental income and children's outcomes using an investment model. Building on work in psychology and sociology, this paper emphasizes the importance of child-rearing practices, which vary with income. I argue that parents' ability to mold their children's behavior through pecuniary incentives is limited at low incomes, leading to lower outcomes and increased reliance on non-pecuniary mechanisms such as corporal punishment. My model generates a positive relationship between parental income and children's outcomes, especially at low incomes, and endogenously produces a relationship between parental income and child-rearing practices. Empirical work confirms these implications.
What Money Can T Buy
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Author : Susan E. Mayer
language : en
Publisher: Harvard University Press
Release Date : 1997
What Money Can T Buy written by Susan E. Mayer and has been published by Harvard University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1997 with Business & Economics categories.
Children from poor families generally do a lot worse than children from affluent families. They are more likely to develop behavior problems, to score lower on standardized tests, and to become adults in need of public assistance. Susan Mayer asks whether income directly affects children's life chances, as many experts believe, or if the factors that cause parents to have low incomes also impede their children's life chances. She explores the question of causation with remarkable ingenuity. First, she compares the value of income from different sources to determine, for instance, if a dollar from welfare is as valuable as a dollar from wages. She then investigates whether parents' income after an event, such as teenage childbearing, can predict that event. If it can, this suggests that income is a proxy for unmeasured characteristics that affect both income and the event. Next she compares children living in states that pay high welfare benefits with children living in states with low benefits. Finally, she examines whether national income trends have the expected impact on children. Regardless of the research technique, the author finds that the effect of income on children's outcomes is smaller than many experts have thought. Mayer then shows that the things families purchase as their income increases, such as cars and restaurant meals, seldom help children succeed. On the other hand, many of the things that do benefit children, such as books and educational outings, cost so little that their consumption depends on taste rather than income. Money alone, Mayer concludes, does not buy either the material or the psychological well-being that children require to succeed.
Income And The Outcomes Of Children
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Author : Shelley Ann Phipps
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2006
Income And The Outcomes Of Children written by Shelley Ann Phipps and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with Child development categories.
This report re-investigates the connection between income and child well-being for a broad range of outcomes.
The Timing Of Parental Income And Child Outcomes
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Author : Emma Tominey
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2010
The Timing Of Parental Income And Child Outcomes written by Emma Tominey and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with categories.
How do shocks to parental income drive adolescent human capital, such as university attendance, IQ and health? Unexpected changes to family income may have a predictable effect on child adolescent outcomes, by shifting the money parents spend on human capital investments in their children. The extent to which consumers insure themselves against changes in income has been well documented in the economics literature, however little is known about how the evolution of household income drives the human capital of their children. This paper fills the gap and makes two important innovations by firstly estimating the effect of shocks across the life cycle of childhood, from age 1-16 and secondly distinguishing between income shocks that are permanent and transitory. The author explores heterogeneity in the time profile of the effect of transitory income shocks upon outcomes, by focusing on liquidity constrained households. With imperfect access to credit markets, liquidity constrained agents are unable to borrow or save in order to smooth transitory income shocks sufficiently. Consequently the author would expect to find a larger effect of transitory income shock in liquidity constrained households. The data in this paper takes the population of around 600,000 Norwegian children, born in the 1970s and tracked through to 2006, which provides in depth information on annual household income plus a range of adolescent outcomes, including years of schooling, high school dropout, university attendance and IQ and health test scores from a set of army tests for males. The data indicate a strong and significant correlation between the initial condition and child outcomes. A rise in initial income levels by 1 standard deviation raises child human capital by up to 0.4 standard deviations (equivalent, for example, to nearly a year of schooling). This shows that family background matters--there is significant dispersion in outcomes for the sample of Norwegian children, determined at the start of their lifetime. For all outcomes except health, the effect of a household permanent income shock is significant and declines across child age, as predicted by the Permanent Income Hypothesis (PIH). However there is volatility in this relationship, which may be picking up changes in maternal labour supply. Mothers have less attachment to the labour market and their labour supply is more sensitive, for example to children starting school. By focusing just on paternal income, noise in the decline is smoothed out for all outcomes. The difference in the health outcome is likely due to crude measurement in the data. In general, permanent shocks to paternal income have a large effect early in the lifetime of the child and this effect falls across child age, to zero at age 16. For all outcomes, transitory income shocks have a small and constant effect across child age. This suggests that parents are optimising, by smoothing parental investment against transitory shocks in a similar manner to consumption smoothing. However interestingly, for a sample of liquidity constrained parents, child human capital behaves differently to consumption upon receipt of an income shock. It was anticipated that human capital responses to income shocks would be larger for the liquidity constrained sample, as without full access to the credit markets, parents are unable to smooth the effect of the shock. Instead, transitory income shocks have a "smaller" effect on child human capital for a group of households with permanent income in the second decile or below, compared to the total sample. The author argues that for this group of parents, investment goods such as books, high quality nursery care or private tuition are not necessities given that children receive free state education. Rather, liquidity constrained parents raise consumption on goods like household utilities, child clothing and food when they receive an income shock. Estimation by DWMD is appended. (Contains 27 figures, 7 tables and 32 footnotes.).
From Parents To Children
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Author : John Ermisch
language : en
Publisher: Russell Sage Foundation
Release Date : 2012-05-01
From Parents To Children written by John Ermisch and has been published by Russell Sage Foundation this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-05-01 with Social Science categories.
Does economic inequality in one generation lead to inequality of opportunity in the next? In From Parents to Children, an esteemed international group of scholars investigates this question using data from ten countries with differing levels of inequality. The book compares whether and how parents' resources transmit advantage to their children at different stages of development and sheds light on the structural differences among countries that may influence intergenerational mobility. How and why is economic mobility higher in some countries than in others? The contributors find that inequality in mobility-relevant skills emerges early in childhood in all of the countries studied. Bruce Bradbury and his coauthors focus on learning readiness among young children and show that as early as age five, large disparities in cognitive and other mobility-relevant skills develop between low- and high-income kids, particularly in the United States and the United Kingdom. Such disparities may be mitigated by investments in early childhood education, as Christelle Dumas and Arnaud Lefranc demonstrate. They find that universal pre-school education in France lessens the negative effect of low parental SES and gives low-income children a greater shot at social mobility. Katherine Magnuson, Jane Waldfogel, and Elizabeth Washbrook find that income-based gaps in cognitive achievement in the United States and the United Kingdom widen as children reach adolescence. Robert Haveman and his coauthors show that the effect of parental income on test scores increases as children age; and in both the United States and Canada, having parents with a higher income betters the chances that a child will enroll in college. As economic inequality in the United States continues to rise, the national policy conversation will not only need to address the devastating effects of rising inequality in this generation but also the potential consequences of the decline in mobility from one generation to the next. Drawing on unparalleled international datasets, From Parents to Children provides an important first step.
A Roadmap To Reducing Child Poverty
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Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2019-09-16
A Roadmap To Reducing Child Poverty written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-09-16 with Social Science categories.
The strengths and abilities children develop from infancy through adolescence are crucial for their physical, emotional, and cognitive growth, which in turn help them to achieve success in school and to become responsible, economically self-sufficient, and healthy adults. Capable, responsible, and healthy adults are clearly the foundation of a well-functioning and prosperous society, yet America's future is not as secure as it could be because millions of American children live in families with incomes below the poverty line. A wealth of evidence suggests that a lack of adequate economic resources for families with children compromises these children's ability to grow and achieve adult success, hurting them and the broader society. A Roadmap to Reducing Child Poverty reviews the research on linkages between child poverty and child well-being, and analyzes the poverty-reducing effects of major assistance programs directed at children and families. This report also provides policy and program recommendations for reducing the number of children living in poverty in the United States by half within 10 years.
Understanding The Relationship Between Parental Income And Multiple Child Outcomes
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Author : Paul Gregg
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2007
Understanding The Relationship Between Parental Income And Multiple Child Outcomes written by Paul Gregg and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007 with Children of working parents categories.
A Decompositional Analysis Of The Relationship Between Parental Income And Multiple Child Outcomes
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Author : Elizabeth Washbrook
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
A Decompositional Analysis Of The Relationship Between Parental Income And Multiple Child Outcomes written by Elizabeth Washbrook and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with Children categories.