Petrophysical Modeling And Simulation Study Of Geological Co2 Sequestration
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Petrophysical Modeling And Simulation Study Of Geological Co2 Sequestration
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Author : Xianhui Kong
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
Petrophysical Modeling And Simulation Study Of Geological Co2 Sequestration written by Xianhui Kong and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with categories.
Global warming and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have recently become the significant focus of engineering research. The geological sequestration of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) is one approach that has been proposed to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions and slow down global warming. Geological sequestration involves the injection of produced CO2 into subsurface formations and trapping the gas through many geological mechanisms, such as structural trapping, capillary trapping, dissolution, and mineralization. While some progress in our understanding of fluid flow in porous media has been made, many petrophysical phenomena, such as multi-phase flow, capillarity, geochemical reactions, geomechanical effect, etc., that occur during geological CO2 sequestration remain inadequately studied and pose a challenge for continued study. It is critical to continue to research on these important issues. Numerical simulators are essential tools to develop a better understanding of the geologic characteristics of brine reservoirs and to build support for future CO2 storage projects. Modeling CO2 injection requires the implementation of multiphase flow model and an Equation of State (EOS) module to compute the dissolution of CO2 in brine and vice versa. In this study, we used the Integrated Parallel Accurate Reservoir Simulator (IPARS) developed at the Center for Subsurface Modeling at The University of Texas at Austin to model the injection process and storage of CO2 in saline aquifers. We developed and implemented new petrophysical models in IPARS, and applied these models to study the process of CO2 sequestration. The research presented in this dissertation is divided into three parts. The first part of the dissertation discusses petrophysical and computational models for the mechanical, geological, petrophysical phenomena occurring during CO2 injection and sequestration. The effectiveness of CO2 storage in saline aquifers is governed by the interplay of capillary, viscous, and buoyancy forces. Recent experimental data reveals the impact of pressure, temperature, and salinity on interfacial tension (IFT) between CO2 and brine. The dependence of CO2-brine relative permeability and capillary pressure on IFT is also clearly evident in published experimental results. Improved understanding of the mechanisms that control the migration and trapping of CO2 in the subsurface is crucial to design future storage projects for long-term, safe containment. We have developed numerical models for CO2 trapping and migration in aquifers, including a compositional flow model, a relative permeability model, a capillary model, an interfacial tension model, and others. The heterogeneities in porosity and permeability are also coupled to the petrophysical models. We have developed and implemented a general relative permeability model that combines the effects of pressure gradient, buoyancy, and capillary pressure in a compositional and parallel simulator. The significance of IFT variations on CO2 migration and trapping is assessed. The variation of residual saturation is modeled based on interfacial tension and trapping number, and a hysteretic trapping model is also presented. The second part of this dissertation is a model validation and sensitivity study using coreflood simulation data derived from laboratory study. The motivation of this study is to gain confidence in the results of the numerical simulator by validating the models and the numerical accuracies using laboratory and field pilot scale results. Published steady state, core-scale CO2/brine displacement results were selected as a reference basis for our numerical study. High-resolution compositional simulations of brine displacement with supercritical CO2 are presented using IPARS. A three-dimensional (3D) numerical model of the Berea sandstone core was constructed using heterogeneous permeability and porosity distributions based on geostatistical data. The measured capillary pressure curve was scaled using the Leverett J-function to include local heterogeneity in the sub-core scale. Simulation results indicate that accurate representation of capillary pressure at sub-core scales is critical. Water drying and the shift in relative permeability had a significant impact on the final CO2 distribution along the core. This study provided insights into the role of heterogeneity in the final CO2 distribution, where a slight variation in porosity gives rise to a large variation in the CO2 saturation distribution. The third part of this study is a simulation study using IPARS for Cranfield pilot CO2 sequestration field test, conducted by the Bureau of Economic Geology (BEG) at The University of Texas at Austin. In this CO2 sequestration project, a total of approximately 2.5 million tons supercritical CO2 was injected into a deep saline aquifer about ~10000 ft deep over 2 years, beginning December 1st 2009. In this chapter, we use the simulation capabilities of IPARS to numerically model the CO2 injection process in Cranfield. We conducted a corresponding history-matching study and got good agreement with field observation. Extensive sensitivity studies were also conducted for CO2 trapping, fluid phase behavior, relative permeability, wettability, gravity and buoyancy, and capillary effects on sequestration. Simulation results are consistent with the observed CO2 breakthrough time at the first observation well. Numerical results are also consistent with bottomhole injection flowing pressure for the first 350 days before the rate increase. The abnormal pressure response with rate increase on day 350 indicates possible geomechanical issues, which can be represented in simulation using an induced fracture near the injection well. The recorded injection well bottomhole pressure data were successfully matched after modeling the fracture in the simulation model. Results also illustrate the importance of using accurate trapping models to predict CO2 immobilization behavior. The impact of CO2/brine relative permeability curves and trapping model on bottom-hole injection pressure is also demonstrated.
Numerical Modeling And Simulation Of Carbon Dioxide Storage Capacity Of The Moxa Arch Site Southwestern Wyoming
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Author : Cheng Zhang
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012
Numerical Modeling And Simulation Of Carbon Dioxide Storage Capacity Of The Moxa Arch Site Southwestern Wyoming written by Cheng Zhang and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with Carbon dioxide categories.
The objective of the Moxa Arch geological CO2 sequestration project is to assess the geological CO2 storage capacity of saline aquifers in the Pennsylvanian Weber Sandstone in southwestern Wyoming. A 3-D seismic survey was selected and a fine-scale geological model was developed based on the integration of seismic interpretation, outcrop mapping, and other available information. The preliminary results from numerical simulations of CO2 storage scenarios were presented. The two goals of the simulation study were as follows: optimize the CO2 sequestration strategy within geological constraints, and examines the long-term fate of CO2 stored in this formation. Commercial numerical simulators and research simulators are used in the simulation study, and calibrated simulation results from the research simulators with those from the commercial simulator, usually a robust approach. The new research results and on-site observations were integrated into the research simulator for specific examination of CO2 sequestration and storage at site.
Integrated Reservoir Studies For Co2 Enhanced Oil Recovery And Sequestration
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Author : Shib Sankar Ganguli
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2017-03-30
Integrated Reservoir Studies For Co2 Enhanced Oil Recovery And Sequestration written by Shib Sankar Ganguli and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-03-30 with Science categories.
This book addresses the feasibility of CO2-EOR and sequestration in a mature Indian oil field, pursuing for the first time a cross-disciplinary approach that combines the results from reservoir modeling and flow simulation, rock physics modeling, geomechanics, and time-lapse (4D) seismic monitoring study. The key findings presented indicate that the field under study holds great potential for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and subsequent CO2 storage. Experts around the globe argue that storing CO2 by means of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) could support climate change mitigation by reducing the amount of CO2 emissions in the atmosphere by ca. 20%. CO2-EOR and sequestration is a cutting-edge and emerging field of research in India, and there is an urgent need to assess Indian hydrocarbon reservoirs for the feasibility of CO2-EOR and storage. Combining the fundamentals of the technique with concrete examples, the book is essential reading for all researchers, students and oil & gas professionals who want to fully understand CO2-EOR and its geologic sequestration process in mature oil fields.
Data Driven Analytics For The Geological Storage Of Co2
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Author : Shahab Mohaghegh
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2018-05-20
Data Driven Analytics For The Geological Storage Of Co2 written by Shahab Mohaghegh and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-05-20 with Science categories.
Data-driven analytics is enjoying unprecedented popularity among oil and gas professionals. Many reservoir engineering problems associated with geological storage of CO2 require the development of numerical reservoir simulation models. This book is the first to examine the contribution of artificial intelligence and machine learning in data-driven analytics of fluid flow in porous environments, including saline aquifers and depleted gas and oil reservoirs. Drawing from actual case studies, this book demonstrates how smart proxy models can be developed for complex numerical reservoir simulation models. Smart proxy incorporates pattern recognition capabilities of artificial intelligence and machine learning to build smart models that learn the intricacies of physical, mechanical and chemical interactions using precise numerical simulations. This ground breaking technology makes it possible and practical to use high fidelity, complex numerical reservoir simulation models in the design, analysis and optimization of carbon storage in geological formations projects.
Plume Migration And Pressure Evolution Analyses For Recommendations In Offshore Co2 Storage Acreage Leasing Policy
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Author : Melianna Ulfah
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2021
Plume Migration And Pressure Evolution Analyses For Recommendations In Offshore Co2 Storage Acreage Leasing Policy written by Melianna Ulfah and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021 with categories.
This study inputs extensive geological and petrophysical data into a reservoir simulation to model the CO2 migration, analyze the plume and pressure distribution and evolution, and link the results to policy recommendations. I built a reservoir model, based on 3-D seismic interpretation of Middle Miocene strata, offshore Galveston, Texas and utilized well logs to characterize key intervals. The modeling investigated how far the CO2 plume would migrate under two scenarios: injecting CO2 at the base of the salt withdrawal basin (syncline scenario) and injecting CO2 at the base of the structural closure (base scenario). The simulation shows that by injecting the CO2 into the syncline, we need more acreage to be leased rather than injecting CO2 at the base of the structural closure for the same amount of CO2. The reason why syncline mechanism takes more acreage is because the geological layer around the injection point is more heterogeneous than the base scenario, thus making the CO2 tends to migrate laterally. On the positive side, such mechanism also limits the vertical migration of CO2, thus making syncline mechanism much less prone for the CO2 to escape to the upper geological layers. Moreover, the simulation also shows that with syncline scenario, the times needed for the reservoir to reach its stabilized pressure after the end of injections are faster. Another result of the simulation also shows that adding more wells into the study area would not significantly increase the storage capacity, and each well will suffer injectivity loss even more to maintain the reservoir pressure. Integrating the simulation results and existing policies for offshore CO2 storage, this study culminates several recommendations for the General Land Office regarding the acreage leasing policies. The main recommendation is to classify of the acreage valuation according to either the heterogeneity degree of the storage geology or the type of the structural closure targeted by the operator. Additionally, it is recommended for the GLO to closely evaluate and if necessary, limit the number of wells and operators for CO2 storage project operating in one elevated pressure area
Geological Sequestration Of Carbon Dioxide
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Author : Luigi Marini
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2006-10-12
Geological Sequestration Of Carbon Dioxide written by Luigi Marini and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006-10-12 with Science categories.
The contents of this monograph are two-scope. First, it intends to provide a synthetic but complete account of the thermodynamic and kinetic foundations on which the reaction path modeling of geological CO2 sequestration is based. In particular, a great effort is devoted to review the thermodynamic properties of CO2 and of the CO2-H2O system and the interactions in the aqueous solution, the thermodynamic stability of solid product phases (by means of several stability plots and activity plots), the volumes of carbonation reactions, and especially the kinetics of dissolution/precipitation reactions of silicates, oxides, hydroxides, and carbonates. Second, it intends to show the reader how reaction path modeling of geological CO2 sequestration is carried out. To this purpose the well-known high-quality EQ3/6 software package is used. Setting up of computer simulations and obtained results are described in detail and used EQ3/6 input files are given to guide the reader step-by-step from the beginning to the end of these exercises. Finally, some examples of reaction-path- and reaction-transport-modeling taken from the available literature are presented. The results of these simulations are of fundamental importance to evaluate the amounts of potentially sequestered CO2, and their evolution with time, as well as the time changes of all the other relevant geochemical parameters (e.g., amounts of solid reactants and products, composition of the aqueous phase, pH, redox potential, effects on aquifer porosity). In other words, in this way we are able to predict what occurs when CO2 is injected into a deep aquifer. * Provides applications for investigating and predicting geological carbon dioxide sequestration * Reviews the geochemical literature in the field * Discusses the importance of geochemists in the multidisciplinary study of geological carbon dioxide sequestration
Geological Storage Of Co2
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Author : Jan Martin Nordbotten
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2011-12-20
Geological Storage Of Co2 written by Jan Martin Nordbotten and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-12-20 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Despite the large research effort in both public and commercial companies, no textbook has yet been written on this subject. This book aims to provide an overview to the topic of Carbon Capture and Storage (CSS), while at the same time focusing on the dominant processes and the mathematical and numerical methods that need to be employed in order to analyze the relevant systems. The book clearly states the carbon problem and the role of CCS and carbon storage. Thereafter, it provides an introduction to single phase and multi-phase flow in porous media, including some of the most common mathematical analysis and an overview of numerical methods for the equations. A considerable part of the book discusses the appropriate scales of modeling, and how to formulate consistent governing equations at these scales. The book also illustrates real world data sets and how the ideas in the book can be exploited through combinations of analytical and numerical approaches.
An Uncertainty Analysis Of Modeling Geologic Carbon Sequestration In A Naturally Fractured Reservoir At Teapot Dome Wyoming
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Author : Ye Li
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
An Uncertainty Analysis Of Modeling Geologic Carbon Sequestration In A Naturally Fractured Reservoir At Teapot Dome Wyoming written by Ye Li and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with Carbon dioxide categories.
This study presents an uncertainty analysis of Geologic Carbon Sequestration modeling in a naturally fractured reservoir at Teapot Dome, Wyoming. Structural & stratigraphic, residual, and solubility trapping mechanisms are the focus of this study, while mineral trapping is not considered. A reservoir-scale geologic model is built to model CO2 storage in the Tensleep Sandstone using a variety of site characterization data that have been collected, screened for accuracy, and analyzed. These data are from diverse sources, such as reservoir geology, geophysics, petrophysics, engineering, and analogs. Because fluid flow occurs in both matrix and fractures of the Tensleep Sandstone, both systems of heterogeneity must be incorporated into the geologic model. The matrix heterogeneity of the geologic model is developed through a hierarchical process of structural modeling, facies modeling, and petrophysical modeling. In structural modeling, the framework of the reservoir is conditioned to seismic data and well log interpretations. Based on the concept of flow units, the facies model, which is conditioned to a global vertical facies proportion curve that acts as `soft' data, is built geostatistically by the Sequential Indicator Simulation method. Then, the petrophysical properties (porosity) are modeled geostatistically within each facies through the Sequential Gaussian Simulation approach. A Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) is adopted as the method to model the distribution of open natural fractures in the reservoir. Basic inputs for the DFN model are derived from FMI logs, cores, and analogs. In addition, in combination with an artificial neural network analysis, 3D seismic attributes are used as fracture drivers to guide the modeling of fracture intensity distribution away from the boreholes. In DFN models, power laws are adopted to define the distribution of fracture intensity, length and aperture. To understand the effect of model complexity on CO2 storage predictions, a suite of increasingly simplified conceptual geologic model families are created with decreasing amount of site characterization data: a hierarchical stochastic model family conditioned to ' soft' data (FAM4), a simple stochastic facies model family (FAM3), a simple stochastic porosity model family (FAM2), and a homogeneous model family (FAM1). These families, representing alternative conceptual geologic models built with increasing reduced data, are simulated with the same CO2 injection test (20 years of injection at 1,000 Mscf/day), followed by 80 years of monitoring. Using the Design of Experiment, an efficient sensitivity analysis (SA) is conducted for all families, systematically varying uncertain input parameters, while assuming identical well configurations, injection rates, bottom-hole pressure constraints, and boundary conditions. The SA results are compared among the families to identify parameters that have the first order impact on predicting the CO2 storage ratio (SR) at two different time scales, i.e., end of injection and end of monitoring. This comparison indicates that, for this naturally fractured reservoir, the facies model is necessary to study the sensitivity characteristics of predicting the CO 2 storage behavior. The SA results identify matrix relative permeability, fracture aperture of fracture set 1, and fracture aperture of fracture set 2 as the statistically important factors. Based on the results of the SA, a response surface analysis is conducted to generate prediction envelopes of the CO2 storage ratio, which are also compared among the families at both times. Its results demonstrate that the SR variation due to the different modeling choices is relatively small. At the proposed storage site, as more than 90% of injected CO2 is probably mobile, short-term leakage risk is considered large, and it depends on the sealing ability of top formations.
Geomechanical And Petrophysical Studies To Reduce Risk In Co2 Geological Storage
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Author : Xiaojin Zheng
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2021
Geomechanical And Petrophysical Studies To Reduce Risk In Co2 Geological Storage written by Xiaojin Zheng and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021 with categories.
Geological carbon storage is the key to reduce CO2 emissions and mitigate global warming. The long-term storage of CO2 in geological formations requires a secure sealing reservoir. Faults are key components in defining fluid migration pathways and sealing integrity in sedimentary basins. The injection of fluids into a compartmentalized formation increases pore pressure and might reactivate pre-existing faults. The rock compressibility determines the extent of pressure build-up and the risks associated with CO2 injection. The transport properties of fault gouge and the potential clay smear in faults describe the resistance of fluid flow across faults and have direct implications on the height of the trapped CO2 column. The CO2 leakage into overlying formations compromises storage efficiency and the detection of subsurface leakages necessitates an effective pressure monitoring technique. Thus, this dissertation includes the determination of rock compressibility, the quantification of fault transport properties, the prediction of CO2 column height, and the monitoring of unfavorable leakages in CO2 storage. The dissertation reports the uniaxial strain unloading compressibility of Frio sand for predicting pressure build-up during CO2 injection. The transport properties of synthetic fault gouge are measured through permeability tests and CO2 breakthrough pressure tests. A stochastic model is developed to account for the continuity of clay smears and statistically determine the possible range of CO2 column height. Finally, a compositional model built in a reservoir simulator quantifies injection-induced changes of pore pressure above the injection zone and provides guidance for leakage detection. The major conclusions of this dissertation are: (1) the uniaxial strain compressibility is about one half of the isotropic compressibility and the uniaxial strain unloading compressibility is about one-third of the uniaxial strain loading compressibility at comparable levels of effective stress; using incorrect compressibility values considerably underestimates the risks during injection; (2) the absolute permeability of synthetic fault gouge decreases by about one order of magnitude and the CO2 breakthrough pressure increases approximately by half order of magnitude with increments of 10 wt% of clay; (3) the ductility, continuity, and location of clay smears add significant variability to the determination of fault sealing capacity; ductile clays favor continuous smears and results in a long CO2 column; (4) the pore pressure increase above the injection zone as a result of partially undrained loading is up to 1% of the pressure increase in the injection zone for the chosen reservoir model; the pressure increase above the injection zone in the presence of leaks can be one order of magnitude larger than the case without leaks. Together, the understanding of reservoir injectivity and sealing potential improves the reservoir risk management, provides assurance of the long-term CO2 storage, and mitigates unintended subsurface leakages
Reservoir Characterization Modeling And Quantitative Interpretation
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Author : Shib Sankar Ganguli
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2023-10-27
Reservoir Characterization Modeling And Quantitative Interpretation written by Shib Sankar Ganguli and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-10-27 with Science categories.
Reservoir Characterization, Modeling and Quantitative Interpretation: Recent Workflows to Emerging Technologies offers a wide spectrum of reservoir characterization techniques and technologies, focusing on the latest breakthroughs and most efficient methodologies in hydrocarbon exploration and development. Topics covered include 4D seismic technologies, AVAz inversion, fracture characterization, multiscale imaging technologies, static and dynamic reservoir characterization, among others. The content is delivered through an inductive approach, which will help readers gain comprehensive insights on advanced practices and be able to relate them to other subareas of reservoir characterization, including CO2 storage and data-driven modeling. This will be especially useful for field scientists in collecting and analyzing field data, prospect evaluation, developing reservoir models, and adopting new technologies to mitigate exploration risk. They will be able to solve the practical and challenging problems faced in the field of reservoir characterization, as it will offer systematic industrial workflows covering every aspect of this branch of Earth Science, including subsurface geoscientific perspectives of carbon geosequestration. This resource is a 21st Century guide for exploration geologists, geoscience students at postgraduate level and above, and petrophysicists working in the oil and gas industry. Covers the latest and most effective technologies in reservoir characterization, including Avo analysis, AVAz inversion, wave field separation and Machine Learning techniques Provides a balanced blend of both theoretical and practical approaches for solving challenges in reservoir characterization Includes detailed industry-standard practical workflows, along with code structures for algorithms and practice exercises