Physical Processes Of The Interaction Of Fusion Plasmas With Solids
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Physical Processes Of The Interaction Of Fusion Plasmas With Solids
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Author : Wolfgang O. Hofer
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1996
Physical Processes Of The Interaction Of Fusion Plasmas With Solids written by Wolfgang O. Hofer and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1996 with Science categories.
The recent development of large fusion devices achieving near energy break-even scientifically proves the viability of fusion as an energy source. The challenge now facing fusion researchers is surmounting engineering obstacles to make fusion energy practical. Physical Processes of the Interaction of Fusion Plasmas with Solids discusses problems associated with plasma-surface interactions which represent a key issue in achieving engineering as opposed to scientific success. Unlike previous books on the subject, this text is directly related to the broad range of plasma-surface interactions problems encountered in fusion devices. Physical Processes of the Interaction of Fusion Plasmas with Solids provides the specialized international fusion community with a resource that covers the interesting new developments that have occurred with the advent of the larger fusion plasmadevices that have demonstrated near break-even energy. This book addresses problems that are useful for design and fabrication of such devices. The edge plasma Physical sputtering and radiation-enhanced sublimation Chemical erosion Electron emission from solids Control of plasma-surface interactions by thin films Thermal stability Radiation damage in metallic structural materials Radiation damage in carbon materials
Plasma Material Interactions In A Controlled Fusion Reactor
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Author : Tetsuo Tanabe
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2021-03-08
Plasma Material Interactions In A Controlled Fusion Reactor written by Tetsuo Tanabe and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-03-08 with Science categories.
This book is a primer on the interplay between plasma and materials in a fusion reactor, so-called plasma–materials interactions (PMIs), highlighting materials and their influence on plasma through PMI. It aims to demonstrate that a plasma-facing surface (PFS) responds actively to fusion plasma and that the clarifying nature of PFS is indispensable to understanding the influence of PFS on plasma. It describes the modern insight into PMI, namely, relevant feedback to plasma performance from plasma-facing material (PFM) on changes in a material surface by plasma power load by radiation and particles, contrary to a conventional view that unilateral influence from plasma on PFM is dominant in PMI. There are many books and reviews on PMI in the context of plasma physics, that is, how plasma or plasma confinement works in PMI. By contrast, this book features a materials aspect in PMI focusing on changes caused by heat and particle load from plasma: how PFMs are changed by plasma exposure and then, accordingly, how the changed PFM interacts with plasma.
Comprehensive Nuclear Materials
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Author :
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2020-07-22
Comprehensive Nuclear Materials written by and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-07-22 with Science categories.
Materials in a nuclear environment are exposed to extreme conditions of radiation, temperature and/or corrosion, and in many cases the combination of these makes the material behavior very different from conventional materials. This is evident for the four major technological challenges the nuclear technology domain is facing currently: (i) long-term operation of existing Generation II nuclear power plants, (ii) the design of the next generation reactors (Generation IV), (iii) the construction of the ITER fusion reactor in Cadarache (France), (iv) and the intermediate and final disposal of nuclear waste. In order to address these challenges, engineers and designers need to know the properties of a wide variety of materials under these conditions and to understand the underlying processes affecting changes in their behavior, in order to assess their performance and to determine the limits of operation. Comprehensive Nuclear Materials, Second Edition, Seven Volume Set provides broad ranging, validated summaries of all the major topics in the field of nuclear material research for fission as well as fusion reactor systems. Attention is given to the fundamental scientific aspects of nuclear materials: fuel and structural materials for fission reactors, waste materials, and materials for fusion reactors. The articles are written at a level that allows undergraduate students to understand the material, while providing active researchers with a ready reference resource of information. Most of the chapters from the first Edition have been revised and updated and a significant number of new topics are covered in completely new material. During the ten years between the two editions, the challenge for applications of nuclear materials has been significantly impacted by world events, public awareness, and technological innovation. Materials play a key role as enablers of new technologies, and we trust that this new edition of Comprehensive Nuclear Materials has captured the key recent developments. Critically reviews the major classes and functions of materials, supporting the selection, assessment, validation and engineering of materials in extreme nuclear environments Comprehensive resource for up-to-date and authoritative information which is not always available elsewhere, even in journals Provides an in-depth treatment of materials modeling and simulation, with a specific focus on nuclear issues Serves as an excellent entry point for students and researchers new to the field
Graphite And Precursors
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Author : Pierre Delhaes
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2000-12-21
Graphite And Precursors written by Pierre Delhaes and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2000-12-21 with Science categories.
Humans first used carbon as chars from firewood in ritual paintings and primitive metallurgical processes. Natural forms of carbon have been known since antiquity, yet the knowledge of the carbon element in chemistry and its technical applications on a larger scale are a relatively recent development. The industrial revolution in Europe two centuries ago led the way to the numerous applications of these graphitic forms that are still used today. Graphite and Precursors features short tutorial articles on different topics related to the science and technology of carbons intended for engineers, students of Materials Science and scientists who are seeking a fundamental understanding without "reinventing the wheel." This first volume of the World of Carbon book series focuses on graphite and its precursors, including its origin and various implications. The basic properties of hexagonal graphite are developed, and several theoretical and experimental approaches explain why this crystalline solid is fascinating in solid state physics. Also featured are the numerous applications connected to thermal, mechanical and chemical graphites, as well as their various industrial uses in polycrystalline form. Finally, carbon precursors are introduced.
Hydrogen Recycling At Plasma Facing Materials
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Author : C.H. Wu
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Hydrogen Recycling At Plasma Facing Materials written by C.H. Wu and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Technology & Engineering categories.
One of the most important issues in the construction of future magnetic confinement fusion machines is that of the materials of which they are constructed, and one of the key points of proper material choice is the recycle of hydrogen isotopes with materials at the plasma face. Tritium machines demand high safety and economy, which in turn requires the lowest possible T inventory and smallest possible permeation through the plasma facing materials. The recycle behaviour of the in-vessel components must also be known if the plasma reaction is to predictable and controllable, and finally, the fuel cycle and plasma operating regimes may be actively controlled by special materials and methods. The book discusses both laboratory experiments exploring the basic properties of non-equilibrium hydrogen-solid systems (diffusion, absorption, boundary processes) and experimental results obtained from existing fusion machines under conditions simulating future situations to some extent. Contributions are from experts in the fields of nuclear fusion, materials science, surface science, vacuum science and technology, and solid state physics.
Nuclear Fusion Research
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Author : Robert E. H. Clark
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2006-01-20
Nuclear Fusion Research written by Robert E. H. Clark and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006-01-20 with Science categories.
It became clear in the early days of fusion research that the effects of the containment vessel (erosion of "impurities") degrade the overall fusion plasma performance. Progress in controlled nuclear fusion research over the last decade has led to magnetically confined plasmas that, in turn, are sufficiently powerful to damage the vessel structures over its lifetime. This book reviews current understanding and concepts to deal with this remaining critical design issue for fusion reactors. It reviews both progress and open questions, largely in terms of available and sought-after plasma-surface interaction data and atomic/molecular data related to these "plasma edge" issues.
Plasma Applications For Material Modification
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Author : Francisco L. Tabarés
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2021-09-24
Plasma Applications For Material Modification written by Francisco L. Tabarés and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-09-24 with Science categories.
This book is an up-to-date review of the most important plasma-based techniques for material modification, from microelectronics to biological materials and from fusion plasmas to atmospheric ones. Each its technical chapters is written by long-experienced, internationally recognised researchers. The book provides a deep and comprehensive insight into plasma technology and its associated elemental processes and is illustrated throughout with excellent figures and references to complement each section. Although some of the topics covered can be traced back several decades, care has been taken to emphasize the most recent findings and expected evolution. The first time the word ‘plasma’ appeared in print in a scientific text related to the study of electrical discharges in gases was 1928, when Irving Langmuir published his article ‘Oscillations in Ionized Gases’. It was the baptism of the predominant state of matter in the known universe (it is estimated that up to 99% of matter is plasma), although not on earth, where the conditions of pressure and temperature make normal the states of matter (solid, liquid, gas) which, in global terms, are exotic. It is enough to add energy to a solid (in the form of heat or electromagnetic radiation) to go into the liquid state, from which gas is obtained through an additional supply of energy. If we continue adding energy to the gas, we will partially or totally ionise it and reach a new state of matter, plasma, made up of free electrons, atoms and molecules (electrically neutral particles) and ions (endowed with a positive or a negative electric charge).
Reactive Sputter Deposition
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Author : Diederik Depla
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2008-06-24
Reactive Sputter Deposition written by Diederik Depla and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-06-24 with Technology & Engineering categories.
The most straightforwardmethod to change the surface properties of a ma- rial is to deposit a thin ?lm or coating on it. Hence, it is not surprising that an overwhelming amount of scienti?c and technical papers is published each year on this topic. Sputter deposition is one of the many so-called physical vapour deposition (PVD) techniques. In most cases, sputter deposition uses a magnetically enhanced glow discharge or magnetron discharge to produce the ions which bombard and sputter the cathode material. In the ?rst chapter of this book (Chap. 1), the details of the sputter process are discussed. Essential to sustain the discharge is the electron emission during ion bombardment. Indeed, the emitted electrons are accelerated from the target and can ionize gas atoms. The formed ions bombard again the target completing the s- taining process. A complete chapter is assigned to this process to highlight its importance (Chap. 2). Although the sustaining process can be described quite straightforward, a complete understanding of the magnetron discharge and the in?uence of di?erent parameters on the discharge characteristics is onlypossiblebymodelling(seeChap.3).Withthesethreechapters,thereader should be able to form an idea of the target and plasma processes occurring during a DC magnetron discharge.
Atomic And Plasma Material Interaction Data For Fusion
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2001
Atomic And Plasma Material Interaction Data For Fusion written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001 with Controlled fusion categories.
Design And Control Of Structure Of Advanced Carbon Materials For Enhanced Performance
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Author : Brian Rand
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Design And Control Of Structure Of Advanced Carbon Materials For Enhanced Performance written by Brian Rand and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Carbon is unique in the range of structures and properties that are displayed by its material forms. The bonds in diamond, within the plane ofgraphite and in the fullerene molecules, C , are the strongest covalent bonds possible. This strong covalent bonding 60 leads to some exceptional intrinsic properties, examples ofwhich are: the greatest Young's modulus (in diamond, within the graphite plane and in single walled nanotubes) the highest room temperature thermal conductivity (in diamond and within the graphite plane) high hole mobility in doped diamond exceptional thermal stability ofthe structure in graphite It is because of the extreme thermal stability that such a wide range of materials is available. Atomic mobilities are low at all but the highest temperatures. Sintering, melting and casting ofcarbon are not feasible processing operations and carbon/graphite components are exclusively produced from the pyrolytic decomposition of organic precursors. The vast majority of engineering carbons have Sp2 type bonding and are related in some way to the structure of graphite. In the c-direction the bonding in graphite is of van der Waals character with the result that graphite is highly anisotropic in its properties and is probably unique in showing both the highest and lowest bond strengths in different directions in the same crystal.