Plague And The End Of Antiquity
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Plague And The End Of Antiquity
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Author : Lester K. Little
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2007
Plague And The End Of Antiquity written by Lester K. Little and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007 with History categories.
In this volume, 12 scholars from various disciplines - have produced a comprehensive account of the pandemic's origins, spread, and mortality, as well as its economic, social, political, and religious effects.
The Roman Empire And The Plague
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Author : Charles River Editors
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2020-02-28
The Roman Empire And The Plague written by Charles River Editors and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-02-28 with categories.
*Includes pictures *Includes excerpts of ancient accounts *Includes a bibliography for further reading The era of the Five Good Emperors was one of unparalleled success and wealth, and the reasons Rome reached its zenith at this time are worthy of scrutiny. Perhaps most noteworthy is that none of these five emperors were blood relatives - while the final two are often referred to as the Antonines, they were not, in fact, related except by adoption, a practice that may in itself provide at least part of the answer to the question as to why this particular period was so magnificent. With all of that said, according to some academics, the success these rulers had in centralizing the empire's administration, while undoubtedly bringing huge benefits, also sowed the seeds for later problems. After all, as so many Roman emperors proved, from Caligula and Nero to Commodus, the empire's approach to governance was predicated on the ruler's ability. When incompetent or insane emperors came to power, the whole edifice came tumbling down. Moreover, the success of the emperors ironically brought about the worst plague in Rome's epic history. Due to constant warfare on the borders and attempts to defend positions against various groups, Roman soldiers came into contact with foreign diseases, and they unwittingly brought them home when campaigns ended. This culminated around 165 CE, when an unidentified disease brought the empire to its knees and afflicted an untold number of individuals, one of whom may have been Lucius Verus, the co-emperor of Rome alongside Marcus Aurelius. In addition to the enormous number of casualties, which has been estimated at upwards of 5 million people, the pandemic disrupted Roman trade to the east, affected societies culturally across Europe, and compelled physicians like Galen to study the symptoms in an effort to figure out not only what the disease was, but any potential cures. The Bubonic Plague was the worst affliction ever visited upon Europe and the Mediterranean world. Within a few short years, a quarter of the population was taken after a short but torturous illness. Those who escaped faced famine and economic hardship, crops were left unsown; harvests spoiled for lack of harvesters, and villages, towns, and great cities were depopulated. Markets were destroyed, and trade ground to a halt. It must have seemed like the end of the world to the terrified populace. The horror abated, only to return years later, often with less virulence but no less misery. Many who read a description of that plague might immediately think of the Black Death, the great epidemic that ravaged Europe and the Middle East from 1347-1351, but it actually refers to the lesser-known but arguably worse Plague of Justinian that descended upon the Mediterranean world in 541 and continued to decimate it over the next 200 years. The effects of the pestilence on history was every bit as dramatic as the one in the Late Middle Ages. In fact, the case could be made that the Plague of Justinian was a major factor in the molding of Europe and, consequently, the rest of the world as it is known today, marking a monumental crossroad between the ancient and medieval worlds. The Roman Empire and the Plague: The History of the Worst Pandemics to Strike Rome and the Byzantines in Antiquity and the Middle Ages charts the history of the diseases and how they shaped subsequent events, bringing down nations while inadvertently lifting others. It also describes the diseases' victims, and how certain segments of society may have avoided contracting it. Along with pictures depicting important people, places, and events, you will learn about the Roman Empire and the plague like never before.
Environment And Society In The Long Late Antiquity
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Author :
language : en
Publisher: BRILL
Release Date : 2019-01-04
Environment And Society In The Long Late Antiquity written by and has been published by BRILL this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-01-04 with History categories.
Environment and Society in the Long Late Antiquity brings together scientific, archaeological and historical evidence on the interplay of social change and environmental phenomena at the end of Antiquity and the dawn of the Middle Ages, ca. 300-800 AD.
The Fate Of Rome
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Author : Kyle Harper
language : en
Publisher: Princeton University Press
Release Date : 2017-10-02
The Fate Of Rome written by Kyle Harper and has been published by Princeton University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-10-02 with History categories.
How devastating viruses, pandemics, and other natural catastrophes swept through the far-flung Roman Empire and helped to bring down one of the mightiest civilizations of the ancient world Here is the monumental retelling of one of the most consequential chapters of human history: the fall of the Roman Empire. The Fate of Rome is the first book to examine the catastrophic role that climate change and infectious diseases played in the collapse of Rome’s power—a story of nature’s triumph over human ambition. Interweaving a grand historical narrative with cutting-edge climate science and genetic discoveries, Kyle Harper traces how the fate of Rome was decided not just by emperors, soldiers, and barbarians but also by volcanic eruptions, solar cycles, climate instability, and devastating viruses and bacteria. He takes readers from Rome’s pinnacle in the second century, when the empire seemed an invincible superpower, to its unraveling by the seventh century, when Rome was politically fragmented and materially depleted. Harper describes how the Romans were resilient in the face of enormous environmental stress, until the besieged empire could no longer withstand the combined challenges of a “little ice age” and recurrent outbreaks of bubonic plague. A poignant reflection on humanity’s intimate relationship with the environment, The Fate of Rome provides a sweeping account of how one of history’s greatest civilizations encountered and endured, yet ultimately succumbed to the cumulative burden of nature’s violence. The example of Rome is a timely reminder that climate change and germ evolution have shaped the world we inhabit—in ways that are surprising and profound.
Fighting The Plague In Antiquity And The Middle Ages
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Author : Charles River Editors
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2020-04-13
Fighting The Plague In Antiquity And The Middle Ages written by Charles River Editors and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-04-13 with categories.
*Includes pictures *Includes excerpts of contemporary accounts and a bibliography for further reading Plague and pestilence have both fascinated and terrified humanity from the very beginning. Societies and individuals have struggled to make sense of them, and more importantly they've often struggled to avoid them. Before the scientific age, people had no knowledge of the microbiological agents - unseen bacteria and viruses - which afflicted them, and thus the maladies were often ascribed to wrathful supernatural forces. Even when advances in knowledge posited natural causes for epidemics and pandemics, medicine struggled to deal with them, and for hundreds of years religion continued to work hand-in-hand with medicine. Inevitably, that meant physicians tried a variety of practices to cure the sick, and many of them seem quite odd by modern standards. By the time Rome was on the rise, physicians understood that contagions arose and spread, but according to Galen, Hippocrates, and other Greco-Roman authorities, pestilence was caused by miasma, foul air produced by the decomposition of organic matter. Though modern scientists have since been able to disprove this, on the face of it there was some logic to the idea. Physicians and philosophers (they were very often the same, Galen being an example) noticed that disease arose in areas of poor sanitation, where filth and rotting matter was prevalent and not disposed of, and the basic measures to prevent disease - waste removal, provision of clean food and water and quarantining - would have been obvious to them. The scenting of miasmic air with incense and other unguents to expel the foulness would also have thus made sense, though people now know that can't stop the spread of a disease. Ancient physicians at the time believed that miasma was not the direct cause of disease but rather a catalyst. Maladies were caused by an imbalance of what Galen called the four humors. According to him (and Hippocrates before him), the body contained four kinds of fluids: black bile, yellow bile, blood, and phlegm. These corresponded to the four elements of which the entire universe was composed: earth, fire, water, and air. Black bile was tied to earth, yellow bile to fire, blood to air, and phlegm to water. It was believed that the balance of the humors in the body not only determined an individual's health, but their behavior and temperament as well. A melancholic (from melanos, the word for "black") disposition was caused by an excess of black bile. Yellow bile made a person fiery or choleric (from khole, the word for bile), while a phlegmatic (from phlegma, body moisture) temperament denoted a surplus of phlegm. The most desirable temperament was the sanguine (sanguis, blood), which exhibited happiness, calm and enthusiasm. The ancient Romans thought miasma caused an imbalance in these fluids, and disease resulted. For the ancient physician, as indeed for all physicians for the next 1,500 years or so, illness was not the direct result of external agents. The High Middle Ages had seen a rise in Western Europe's population in previous centuries, but these gains were almost entirely erased as the plague spread rapidly across all of Europe from 1346-1353. With a medieval understanding of medicine, diagnosis, and illness, nobody understood what caused Black Death or how to truly treat it. As a result, many religious people assumed it was divine retribution, while superstitious and suspicious citizens saw a nefarious human plot involved. Fighting the Plague in Antiquity and the Middle Ages: The History of Ancient and Medieval Efforts to Prevent the Spread of Diseases looks at the ways past societies have striven to cope with epidemics and the various remedies - some bizarre, some desperate, others logical but nonetheless misguided - they employed. The approaches include an eclectic mix of medicine, supernatural rituals, religion, and philosophy.
Justinian S Flea
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Author : William Rosen
language : en
Publisher: Penguin
Release Date : 2007-05-03
Justinian S Flea written by William Rosen and has been published by Penguin this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-05-03 with History categories.
From the acclaimed author of Miracle Cure and The Third Horseman, the epic story of the collision between one of nature's smallest organisms and history's mightiest empire During the golden age of the Roman Empire, Emperor Justinian reigned over a territory that stretched from Italy to North Africa. It was the zenith of his achievements and the last of them. In 542 AD, the bubonic plague struck. In weeks, the glorious classical world of Justinian had been plunged into the medieval and modern Europe was born. At its height, five thousand people died every day in Constantinople. Cities were completely depopulated. It was the first pandemic the world had ever known and it left its indelible mark: when the plague finally ended, more than 25 million people were dead. Weaving together history, microbiology, ecology, jurisprudence, theology, and epidemiology, Justinian's Flea is a unique and sweeping account of the little known event that changed the course of a continent.
Ephesus After Antiquity
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Author : Clive Foss
language : en
Publisher: CUP Archive
Release Date : 1979
Ephesus After Antiquity written by Clive Foss and has been published by CUP Archive this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1979 with Ephesus (Extinct city) categories.
Late Antiquity A Very Short Introduction
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Author : Gillian Clark
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2011-02-24
Late Antiquity A Very Short Introduction written by Gillian Clark and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-02-24 with History categories.
Sheds light on the concept of late antiquity and the events of its time, showing that this was in fact a period of great transformation
Cities And The Meanings Of Late Antiquity
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Author : Mark Humphries
language : en
Publisher: BRILL
Release Date : 2019-11-04
Cities And The Meanings Of Late Antiquity written by Mark Humphries and has been published by BRILL this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-11-04 with History categories.
This study examines how cities have become an area of significant historical debate about late antiquity, challenging accepted notions that it is a period of dynamic change and reasserting views of the era as one of decline and fall.
The Falls Of Rome
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Author : Michele Renee Salzman
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2021-09-09
The Falls Of Rome written by Michele Renee Salzman and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-09-09 with History categories.
Focuses on the resilience of generations of Roman men and women, and their ability to reconstitute their city and society.