Policy Based Finance
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Policy Based Finance Financial Regulation And Financial Sector Development In Japan
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Author : Dimitri Vittas
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 1999
Policy Based Finance Financial Regulation And Financial Sector Development In Japan written by Dimitri Vittas and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999 with categories.
April 1995 Is Japan a good model for developing countries? Certainly macroeconomic stability, good information systems, effective monitoring, and financial discipline are essential for smooth-functioning, efficient financial systems. But is there scope for state intervention in organizing the financial system and using well-designed, narrowly focused directed credit programs in the transition from malfunctioning financial systems to modern, efficient ones? The Japanese government's role in creating a macroeconomic and financial environment conducive to rapid industrialization and economic growth went beyond maintaining price stability, say Vittas and Kawaura. The government created a stable but segmented and tightly regulated financial system that favored the financing of industry over other sectors of economic activity. Lending practices, the direction of policy-based finance, and the structure of Japan's financial system changed over time, but one thing stayed constant: the authorities' vision. Some observers maintain that Japanese policies -- emphasizing the development of internationally competitive industries -- retarded economic growth. And government policies were not the only or even the most important factor in Japan's success. One key to success was government agencies' close cooperation with the private sector, and the government's reliance on privately owned and managed corporations to achieve government-favored industrial goals. Japan's financial system was quite different from Anglo-American and continental European financial systems. Vittas and Kawaura discuss some characteristics of the Japanese system in the high growth era: * The preponderant role of indirect finance. * The overloan position of large commercial banks. * The overborrowing of industrial companies. * Artificially low interest rates. * The segmentation and fragmentation of the financial system. * The underdevelopment of securities markets and institutional investors. * The key role played by the main bank system. * The close relations between banks and industry. * The different roles debt and equity played in the Japanese system. * The role large conglomerate groups, especially general trading companies, played in channeling funds to small firms at the industrial periphery. * The role of policy-based financial institutions. These features evolved in the context of high savings rates and an accumulation of assets, mobilized mostly through deposit institutions, including the postal savings system, and transformed into short- and long-term and risky loans through commercial and long-term credit banks as well as specialized government financial institutions. Are hard work and good management the secrets of Japan's success? Hard work may be as much a symptom as a cause of economic success, say Vittas and Kawaura. But good management has unquestionably been a key to Japan's economic success. Whether Japan's approach is better than others is more difficult to answer. Japan may have overtaken several European countries but was still lagging behind the United States and a few European countries in per capita income expressed in purchasing power parity terms. And although the Japanese approach played a significant part in promoting industrialization and accelerating economic growth during the period of reconstruction and high growth, it also entailed significant long-term costs -- in terms of poor-quality housing and other urban infrastructure, for example. And the excesses of the 1980s and Japan's current economic recession undermine claims about its ability to continuously outperform other countries. This paper -- a product of the Financial Sector Development Department -- is part of a project to study the effectiveness of credit policies in East Asia. Dimitri Vittas may be contacted at [email protected].
Policy Based Finance And Market Alternatives
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Author : Kim B. Staking
language : en
Publisher: IDB
Release Date : 1997
Policy Based Finance And Market Alternatives written by Kim B. Staking and has been published by IDB this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1997 with Business & Economics categories.
Credit Policies
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Author : Dimitri Vittas
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 1995
Credit Policies written by Dimitri Vittas and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1995 with Credit categories.
Policy Based Finance
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Author : Kōzō Katō
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 1994
Policy Based Finance written by Kōzō Katō and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1994 with Business & Economics categories.
Credit Policies Lessons From East Asia
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Author : Dimitri Vittas
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1999
Credit Policies Lessons From East Asia written by Dimitri Vittas and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999 with categories.
May 1995 Directed credit programs should be small, narrowly focused, and of limited duration (with clear sunset provisions). They should be financed by long-term funds to prevent inflation and macroeconomic instability. Directed credit programs were a major tool of development in the 1960s and 1970s. In the 1980s, their usefulness was reconsidered. Experience in most countries showed that they stimulated capital-intensive projects, that preferential funds were often (mis)used for nonpriority purposes, that a decline in financial discipline led to low repayment rates, and that budget deficits swelled. Moreover, the programs were hard to remove. But Japan and other East Asian countries have long touted the merits of focused, well-managed directed credit programs, saying they are warranted when there is a significant discrepancy between private and social benefits, when investment risk is too high on certain projects, and when information problems discourage lending to small and medium-size firms. The assumption underlying policy-based assistance and other forms of industrial assistance (such as lower taxes) is that the main constraint on new or expanding enterprises is limited access to credit. Vittas and Cho give an overview of credit policies in East Asian countries (China, Japan, and the Republic of Korea) as well as India, and summarize what these countries have learned about directed credit programs. Among the lessons: * Credit programs must be small, narrowly focused, and of limited duration (with clear sunset provisions). * Subsidies must be low to minimize distortion of incentives as well as the tax on financial intermediation that all such programs entail. * Credit programs must be financed by long-term funds to prevent inflation and macroeconomic instability. Recourse to central bank credit should be avoided except in the very early stages of development when the central bank's assistance can help jump-start economic growth. * They should aim at achieving positive externalities (or avoiding negative ones). Any help to declining industries should include plans for their timely phaseout. * They should promote industrialization and export orientation in a competitive private sector with internationally competitive operations. * They should be part of a credible vision of economic development that promotes growth with equity and should involve a long-term strategy to develop a sound financial system. * Policy-based loans should be channeled through well-capitalized, administratively capable financial institutions, professionally managed by autonomous managers. * They should be based on clear, objective, easily monitorable criteria. * Programs should aim for a good repayment record and few losses. * They should be supported by effective mechanisms for communication and consultation between the public and private sectors, including the collection and dissemination of basic market information. This paper -- a product of the Financial Sector Development Department -- is part of a larger effort in the department to study the effectiveness of policy-based finance in East Asia.
Shadow Banking And Market Based Finance
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Author : Tobias Adrian
language : en
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Release Date : 2018-08-01
Shadow Banking And Market Based Finance written by Tobias Adrian and has been published by International Monetary Fund this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-08-01 with Business & Economics categories.
Variants of nonbank credit intermediation differ greatly. We provide a conceptual framework to help distinguish various characteristics—structural features, economic motivations, and risk implications—associated with different forms of nonbank credit intermediation. Anchored by this framework, we take stock of the evolution of shadow banking and the extent of its transformation into market-based finance since the global financial crisis. In light of the substantial regulatory and supervisory responses of recent years, we highlight key areas of progress while drawing attention to elements where work still needs to be done. Case studies of policy challenges arising in different jurisdictions are also discussed. While many of the amplification forces that were at play during the global financial crisis have diminished, the post-crisis reform agenda is not yet complete, and policy makers must remain attentive to new challenges looming on the horizon.
Aid And Power Vol 1
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Author : Jane Harrigan
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2013-10-11
Aid And Power Vol 1 written by Jane Harrigan and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-10-11 with Business & Economics categories.
When the major aid organizations made flows of aid conditional on changes in policy, they prompted an extensive debate in development circles. Aid and Power has made one of the most significant and influential contributions to that debate. This edition has been revised to take account of changes within the World Bank itself and the extension of policy based lending to the formerly socialist economies of east and central Europe.
Macroeconomic Policy And Islamic Finance In Malaysia
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Author : Azura Othman
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2017-10-10
Macroeconomic Policy And Islamic Finance In Malaysia written by Azura Othman and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-10-10 with Business & Economics categories.
This book offers an alternative framework for macroeconomic policy in Malaysia, derived from the universal principles of social justice espoused in the objectives of the Shariah. It attempts to holistically analyze issues related to public finance, which has been criticized for lack of transparency and justice in wealth distribution. This book explores these criticisms and discusses the principles of Islamic finance that may be applied to macroeconomic policymaking to create a better economy overall. It presents a case for a flat tax system, to make the economy more resilient to shocks, and financing methods that limit interest-rate-based debt contracts and allow greater risk sharing among the market participants on a broad scale. Using both qualitative and quantitative methods, this book models the Malaysian economy based on policies that apply the fundamental Islamic finance principle of risk sharing to demonstrate its benefits in spurring growth, promoting distributive justice, rendering the economy more stable, strengthening the potency of monetary policy, enhancing fiscal governance, and improving financial inclusion. The book will be of interest to students, policymakers, financial institutions, researchers, ministries of finance, central banks, securities commissions, and anyone interested in alternative economic paradigms.
Finance In Asia
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Author : Qiao Liu
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2013
Finance In Asia written by Qiao Liu and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with Business & Economics categories.
Asia's demand for second-generation financial institutions and markets needs to be met in order for the region's further development to be sustained. This book provides a compelling, fact-based assessment of current practices and regulations in Asia's financial institutions and markets and carefully documents the exciting opportunities and challenges that lie ahead in the region's financial systems. This book differs in design from typical treatments of financial institutions and markets because its focus is on Asia rather than using the US model (in terms of market configurations or products) as a benchmark, and its takes a contemporary and forward-looking view of financial markets. Examples of practice from Asia are used to illustrate major accepted themes in finance and financial regulation. To the extent that Asia's main economies share characteristics that are distinct, for example, in the relationship between government and the banking sector, or in aspects of corporate governance, the book will discuss the consequences for market operation and intermediation. The book's carefully structured facts and rigorously argued analysis carry important implications both for students in business and law and for professionals new to financial markets in Asia. It will change the way that Asian financial markets and institutions is taught in universities as well as provide a valuable resource for professionals working in finance in Asia.
Toward A Political Economy Approach To Policy Based Lending
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Author : George Abonyi
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2002
Toward A Political Economy Approach To Policy Based Lending written by George Abonyi and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002 with Business & Economics categories.
Identifies a set of core concepts that reflect key "political economy" factors shaping the policy reform process that can assist in guiding the policy-based lending (PBL) design process. Discusses the recurring themes that constrain the effectiveness of PBL, reviews from a political economy perspective the PBL experience at the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and elsewhere, and identifies outstanding conceptual issues that would have to be tackled in the future in order to increase the likelihood of effective implementation of PBLs and to strengthen the joint capacity of developing member countries and ADB to design more effective PBL initiatives.