Polymer Fullerene Mixtures
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Polymer Fullerene Mixtures
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Author : Him Chen Wong
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011
Polymer Fullerene Mixtures written by Him Chen Wong and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with categories.
Mixing And Interfacial Composition In Polymer Fullerene Thin Films
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Author : Elizabeth Hynes
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2018
Mixing And Interfacial Composition In Polymer Fullerene Thin Films written by Elizabeth Hynes and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with Fullerene thin films categories.
In this thesis, the fundamental behaviour of two model polyer/fullerene systems is investigated. The impact of parameters such as film thickness, molecular weight (MW) of the polymer and annealing temperature, on crystallisation and mixing are examined.
Process Structure Property Relationship Of Polymer Fullerene Bulk Heterojunction Films For Organic Solar Cells
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Author : Benjamin Schmidt-Hansberg
language : en
Publisher: Cuvillier Verlag
Release Date : 2012-05-09
Process Structure Property Relationship Of Polymer Fullerene Bulk Heterojunction Films For Organic Solar Cells written by Benjamin Schmidt-Hansberg and has been published by Cuvillier Verlag this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-05-09 with Science categories.
Photovoltaic (PV) is attracting increasing interest as an important contribution to renewable energy supply. Organic photovoltaic (OPV) is a comparable young PV technology with a great potential towards low cost solar power. This is due to the intrinsic advantage of the incorporated organic semiconductors which are soluble. Solution processing allows high throughput coating and printing processes. Hence, energy intensive high temperature and vacuum steps can be avoided which reduces the fabrication costs and keeps energy payback times low. The performance of organic solar cells strongly depends on the structure of the solution cast photoactive layer which comprises a polymer-fullerene blend. The blend structure evolves during the film drying step which has been studied in this thesis. Starting point of this work was the hypothesis that drying process parameters are suitable for systematically tuning the structure formation during drying of solution cast polymer-fullerene films in order to generate optimized structures with improved photovoltaic performance. For the evaluation of this hypothesis the structure formation of the polymer-fullerene system Poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl):[6,6]-Phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM) was investigated incorporating i) thin film drying kinetics, ii) phase behavior of polymer-fullerene solutions, iii) structure formation and iv) the drying process-structure-property relationship of solar cells. The generality of the obtained results has been studied in comparison with the behavior of Poly{[4,40-bis(2-ethylhexyl)dithieno(3,2-b;20,30-d)silole]-2,6-diyl-alt-(2,1,3-benzothidiazole)-4,7-diyl} (PSBTBT). i) Within this thesis a dedicated coating and drying setup was developed which afforded precisely defined coating and drying process conditions as prerequisite for all obtained results. For the first time, the drying behavior of finally a few hundred nanometer thin films could be investigated at five measurement positions with laser reflectometry simultaneously. This allowed the elaboration of a spatially resolved numerical thin film drying model. ii) In conjunction with the measurement and simulation of the evolution of film composition it was required to determine important instants of phase transitions such as solubility limits. Therefore the binodal region of P3HT solutions has been determined in the temperature range of 0°C-60°C. Within the unstable region P3HT solutions phase separate into a sol and a gel phase. The fullerene PCBM exhibits only a single solubility limit. iii) In order to correlate the expected phase transitions according to the phase diagrams with the real structure formation, the above mentioned coating and drying setup was combined with synchrotron based in situ grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD) measurements. This gave unique insights into the mechanisms and dynamics of polymer-fullerene blend crystallization. After reaching P3HT solubility the crystallization proceeded with well-oriented interface-induced P3HT nucleation followed by P3HT crystal growth with increasing orientation distribution of the crystallites and PCBM aggregation in the final drying period. Furthermore strong polymer-fullerene interaction forces could be derived. By increasing the PCBM fraction it could be shown for the 1:2 P3HT:PCBM ratio that PCBM molecules brake the (020) π-π-stacking of P3HT lamellae which signifies a dramatic loss of hole mobility and consequently reduced device performance. It is further notable that increasing drying temperatures reduce the amount of (020) π-π-stacked P3HT molecules but lead to an increased amount of P3HT (100) crystallinity. Hence, drying temperature determines the preferred direction of crystal growth. iv) Besides a finer degree of phase separation, reduced drying temperatures also cause a higher amount of π-π-stacked polymers, longer effective polymer conjugation length, increased amount of vertical charge transport pathways and an increasingly rough topography due to larger polymer aggregates. Jointly this leads to improved power conversion efficiency at lower drying temperatures. Based on the elaborated knowledge a strategy for a 40% reduction of drying time with only small drawbacks in solar cell performance could be developed. Finally it was important to investigate the transferability of the obtained knowledge to other material systems. PSBTBT:PC71BM blends show similarities to that of P3HT:PCBM with partly interface induced polymer nucleation and subsequent fullerene aggregation in the final drying stage. The kinetics of molecular ordering however proceed fast enough such that the drying process under the investigated conditions cannot limit the structure formation. Hence, P3HT:PCBM is a suitable model system due to its sensitivity to many process parameters. According to the process influence on novel materials the results of this thesis can serve as a source for appropriate process strategies.
Semiconducting Polymer Composites
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Author : Xiaoniu Yang
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2012-10-05
Semiconducting Polymer Composites written by Xiaoniu Yang and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-10-05 with Technology & Engineering categories.
The first part of Semiconducting Polymer Composites describes the principles and concepts of semiconducting polymer composites in general, addressing electrical conductivity, energy alignment at interfaces, morphology, energy transfer, percolation theory and processing techniques. In later chapters, different types of polymer composites are discussed: mixtures of semiconducting and insulating or semiconducting and semiconducting components, respectively. These composites are suitable for a variety of applications that are presented in detail, including transistors and solar cells, sensors and detectors, diodes and lasers as well as anti-corrosive and anti-static surface coatings.
Fullerene Polymers
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Author : Nazario Martín
language : en
Publisher: Wiley-VCH
Release Date : 2009-08-14
Fullerene Polymers written by Nazario Martín and has been published by Wiley-VCH this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-08-14 with Science categories.
Written by an outstanding team of experts in the interdisciplinary areas of research, this book is based on a new classification of the different types of fullerene polymers according to their chemical structures. It covers all aspects, from different classes, to their synthesis and applications in material science. Of great interest to polymer and synthetic chemists, but also for material scientists and industrial chemists.
Fullerene Research Advances
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Author : Carl N. Kramer
language : en
Publisher: Nova Publishers
Release Date : 2007
Fullerene Research Advances written by Carl N. Kramer and has been published by Nova Publishers this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007 with Science categories.
Until 1985, the chemical element Carbon was only known to exist in two forms -- diamond and graphite. This changed when Kroto and co-workers discovered an entirely new form of carbon, which became known as C60 or the fullerene molecule. (This discovery later led to their award of the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.) The original discovery of C60 was in the soot produced from the laser ablation of graphite. Since then, other methods of production have been developed. It is also thought that isolated C60 molecules may be found in stars and interstellar media. It was soon discovered that C60 is not the only ball-like carbon molecule possible (although it is the most stable and the most dominant). The rugby-ball shaped C70 molecule is another possibility. In nanotechnology, the potential applications of carbon nanotubes (formed by combining hexagonal rings of carbon atoms only, rather than hexagons and pentagons as in C60) for very small electronic devices are currently the subject of much activity. This book presents the latest research in this dynamic field.
Polymer Fullerene Nanocomposites
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Author : Ayesha Kausar
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2023-01-10
Polymer Fullerene Nanocomposites written by Ayesha Kausar and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-01-10 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Polymer/Fullerene Nanocomposites: Design and Applications synopsizes state-of-the-art essentials and versatile inventions in polymers and fullerenes derived nanocomposites. As the design, fabrication and exploration of polymeric materials with fullerenes in advanced nanomaterials is progressing quickly because of their unique combination of properties, including optical, electronic, electrical, mechanical, thermal, photovoltaic, sensing, shape memory, capacitive, antimicrobial, and other applications, this book fills a void in literature compilation and assessment for a field still in its infancy. The introductory chapter of this manuscript provides a comprehensive update on the fundamentals and applications of fullerenes, with following chapters revealing the properties and essential aspects of polymeric nanocomposites. Reconnoiters state-of-the-art of fullerenes Focuses on fullerene nano-additives, developing covalent interactions, and physical dispersion with conjugated polymers and other polymeric matrices Emphasizes fullerene nanowhisker and nanoball nanofillers in nanocomposites Unfolds advanced applications of polymer/fullerene nanomaterials in stimuli-responsive systems, optoelectronic devices (photovoltaics, light emitting diodes and optical sensors), fuel cells, supercapacitors and biomedical fields
Conjugated Polymers
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Author : John R. Reynolds
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2019-03-25
Conjugated Polymers written by John R. Reynolds and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-03-25 with Technology & Engineering categories.
This book covers properties, processing, and applications of conducting polymers. It discusses properties and characterization, including photophysics and transport. It then moves to processing and morphology of conducting polymers, covering such topics as printing, thermal processing, morphology evolution, conducting polymer composites, thin films
Fundamentals Of Conjugated Polymer Blends Copolymers And Composites
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Author : Parveen Saini
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2015-04-24
Fundamentals Of Conjugated Polymer Blends Copolymers And Composites written by Parveen Saini and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-04-24 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Since their discovery in 1977, the evolution of conducting polymers has revolutionized modern science and technology. These polymers enjoy a special status in the area of materials science yet they are not as popular among young readers or common people when compared to other materials like metals, paper, plastics, rubber, textiles, ceramics and composites like concrete. Most importantly, much of the available literature in the form of papers, specific review articles and books is targeted either at advanced readers (scientists/technologists/engineers/senior academicians) or for those who are already familiar with the topic (doctoral/postdoctoral scholars). For a beginner or even school/college students, such compilations are bit difficult to access/digest. In fact, they need proper introduction to the topic of conducting polymers including their discovery, preparation, properties, applications and societal impact, using suitable examples and already known principles/knowledge/phenomenon. Further, active participation of readers in terms of “question & answers”, “fill-in-the-blanks”, “numerical” along with suitable answer key is necessary to maintain the interest and to initiate the “thought process”. The readers also need to know about the drawbacks and any hazards of such materials. Therefore, I believe that a comprehensive source on the science/technology of conducting polymers which maintains a link between grass root fundamentals and state-of-the-art R&D is still missing from the open literature.
Exciton Recombination In The Fullerene Phase Of Bulk Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells
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Author : George Frederick Burkhard
language : en
Publisher: Stanford University
Release Date : 2011
Exciton Recombination In The Fullerene Phase Of Bulk Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells written by George Frederick Burkhard and has been published by Stanford University this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with categories.
Finding alternatives to fossil fuel energy sources is necessary to stem global warming, to provide economic and political independence, and to keep up with increasing energy demand. Because of their low cost, flexibility, and because the material resources needed to make them are abundant, organic polymer solar cells are an attractive alternative to conventional solar technology. Organic solar technology has been developing rapidly; however, with the best power conversion efficiencies at ~8%, much improvement is needed before it can be competitive with established solar technologies. Poly-3-hexylthiophene:[6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM) solar cells are the most studied type of organic solar cell. Nevertheless, their loss mechanisms are still not fully understood. In this work, we study excitonic losses in the PCBM phase of the blend. We develop a way to accurately measure internal quantum efficiencies (IQEs) and use this technique to characterize P3HT:PCBM devices. We observe spectral dependence of the IQE and conclude that a majority of excitons generated in the PCBM are lost to Auger recombination with polarons that are trapped in that phase. We also provide evidence that this process may happen in other materials and may be a critical factor in limiting exciton diffusion in organic semiconductors.