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Polymerized Ionic Liquids

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Polymerized Ionic Liquids

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Author : Ali Eftekhari
language : en
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry
Release Date : 2017-09-18

Polymerized Ionic Liquids written by Ali Eftekhari and has been published by Royal Society of Chemistry this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-09-18 with Technology & Engineering categories.

The applications of ionic liquids can be enormously expanded by arranging the organic ions in the form of a polymer architecture. Polymerized ionic liquids (PILs), also known as poly(ionic liquid)s or polymeric ionic liquids, provide almost all features of ionic polymers plus a rare versatility in design. The mechanical properties of the solid or solid-like polymers can also be controlled by external stimuli, the basis for designing smart materials. Known for over four decades, PILs are a member of the ionic polymers family. Although the previous forms of ionic polymers have a partial ionicity, PILs are entirely composed of ions. Therefore, they offer a better flexibility for designing a responsive architecture as smart materials. Despite the terminology, PILs can be synthesized from solid organic ionic salts since the monomer liquidity is not a requirement for the polymerization process. Ionicity can also be induced to a neutral polymer by post-polymerization treatments. This is indeed an emerging field whose capabilities have been somehow overshadowed by the popularity of ionic liquids. However, recent reports in the literature have shown impressive potentials for the future. Written by leading authors, the present book provides a comprehensive overview of this exciting area, discussing various aspects of PILs and their applications as smart materials. Owing to the novelty of this area of research, the book will appeal to a broad readership including students and researchers from materials science, polymer science, chemistry, and physics.

Polymerized Ionic Liquids

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Author : Ali Eftekhari
language : en
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry
Release Date : 2017-09-18

Investigations Into Ion Transport Properties Of Polymerized Ionic Liquids And Related Materials

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Author : Jordan Reynolds Keith
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019

Investigations Into Ion Transport Properties Of Polymerized Ionic Liquids And Related Materials written by Jordan Reynolds Keith and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with categories.

The body of work on polymerized ionic liquids has been growing rapidly in recent years as researchers expand the synthesis space to achieve novel membrane materials with high conductivity, excellent mechanical stability, and high transference number. Despite progress in identifying specific new polymers and useful properties, there has been limited agreement over the mechanism for ion transport in these materials. It is essential that we resolve said mechanism for polymerized-ionic-liquid conduction, with the goal of streamlining future material design. Molecular dynamics is an excellent tool for analyzing local coordination behavior, ion-hopping pathways, and other phenomena of length- and time-scales that are currently inaccessible to direct experimental observation. Ion transport is seen to proceed via a "climbing the ladder" mechanism involving the formation and breaking of ion-association pairs with, on average, four polymerized ions from two polymer chains. This results in a link between ion-association lifetime and diffusivity for chemically similar polymerized ionic liquids, a feature that distinguishes polymerized ionic liquids from a broad class of polymer electrolytes and low fragility ionomers. This is also shown to be the case for a set of backbone-polymerized ionic liquids, when compared to a chemically similar pendent-polymerized ionic liquid. This is particularly interesting because the pendent architectural motif proves to have significantly higher reversibility of ion-hopping events. The application of design rules inspired by this research has already led to the experimental discovery of highly decoupled polymerized ionic liquids with excellent conductivity at ambient temperature. Parametric simulation studies of poly(vinylimidazolium) polymerized ionic liquids and counterion variants have revealed a decoupling of ion mobility from polymer segmental dynamics. Small counterions are generally more decoupled, but results show that size is not the sole arbiter. For this set of different chemical components, encompassed by the anionic study, ion-association relaxation time, rather than lifetime, was proven to better correlate with diffusivity. Similar physics is observed between polymerized ionic liquids and salt-doped polymerized zwitterions for the population of mobile ions whose polymerized counter-charge is located on the end of a monomeric pendant. However, the cage-relaxation timescale appears to correlate better with diffusivity for the opposite ion in such materials

Molecular Design Of Polymerized Ionic Liquids

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Author : Gabriel Eduardo Sanoja
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016

Molecular Design Of Polymerized Ionic Liquids written by Gabriel Eduardo Sanoja and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with categories.

Polymerized ionic liquids are an emerging class of functional materials with ionic liquid moieties covalently attached to a polymer backbone. As such, they synergistically combine the structural hierarchy of polymers with the versatile physicochemical properties of ionic liquids. Unlike other ion-containing polymers that are typically constrained to high glass transition temperatures, polymerized ionic liquids can exhibit low glass transition temperatures due to weak electrostatic interactions even at high charge fractions. Promising applications relevant to electrochemical energy conversion and CO2 capture and sequestration have been demonstrated for polymerized ionic liquids, but a molecular design strategy that allows for elucidation of their structure-property relationships is yet to be developed. A combination of anionic polymerization, click chemistry, and ion metathesis allows for fine and independent control over polymer properties including the number of repeat units, fraction of ionic liquid moieties, composition, and architecture. This strategy has been exploited to elucidate the effect of lamellar domain spacing on the ionic conductivity of block copolymers based on hydrated protic polymerized ionic liquids. The conductivity relationship demonstrated in this study suggests that a mechanically robust material can be designed without compromising its ability to transport ions. The vast set of ion pair combinations in polymerized liquids provides a unique opportunity to develop functional materials where properties can be controlled with subtle changes in molecular structure via ion metathesis. We illustrate the case of a polymerized ionic liquid that combines the low toxicity and macromolecular dimensions of poly(ethylene glycol) with the magnetic functionality of ion pairs containing iron(III). This material can yield novel theranostic agents with controlled residence time within the human body, and paramagnetic functionality to enhance 1H nuclei relaxation rate required for medical imaging. Finally, the molecular design strategy is expanded to incorporate ion pairs based on metal-ligand coordination bonds between cations and imidazole moieties tethered to the polymer backbone. This illustrates a general approach for using chelating polymers with appropriate metal-ligand interactions to design high conductivity and tunable modulus polymer electrolytes.

Applications Of Ionic Liquids In Polymer Science And Technology

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Author : David Mecerreyes
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2015-04-08

Applications Of Ionic Liquids In Polymer Science And Technology written by David Mecerreyes and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-04-08 with Science categories.

This book summarizes the latest knowledge in the science and technology of ionic liquids and polymers in different areas. Ionic liquids (IL) are actively being investigated in polymer science and technology for a number of different applications. In the first part of the book the authors present the particular properties of ionic liquids as speciality solvents. The state-of-the art in the use of ionic liquids in polymer synthesis and modification reactions including polymer recycling is outlined. The second part focuses on the use of ionic liquids as speciality additives such as plasticizers or antistatic agents. The third part examines the use of ionic liquids in the design of functional polymers (usually called polymeric ionic liquids (PIL) or poly(ionic liquids)). Many important applications in diverse scientific and industrial areas rely on these polymers, like polymer electrolytes in electrochemical devices, building blocks in materials science, nanocomposites, gas membranes, innovative anion sensitive materials, smart surfaces, and a countless set range of emerging applications in different fields such as energy, optoelectronics, analytical chemistry, biotechnology, nanomedicine or catalysis.

Battery Energy Technology General 216th Ecs Meeting

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Author : Z. Ogumi
language : en
Publisher: The Electrochemical Society
Release Date : 2010-04

Battery Energy Technology General 216th Ecs Meeting written by Z. Ogumi and has been published by The Electrochemical Society this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-04 with Science categories.

The papers included in this issue of ECS Transactions were originally presented in the symposium ¿Battery / Energy Technology Joint General Session¿, held during the 216th meeting of The Electrochemical Society, in Vienna, Austria from October 4 to 9, 2009.

Polymerized Ionic Liquids By Condensation Polymerization

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Author : Harshit Gupta
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019

Polymerized Ionic Liquids By Condensation Polymerization written by Harshit Gupta and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with Polymerization categories.

Ionic liquids have been used in free radical polymerizations to make polymerized ionic liquid (PIL) materials of various types. PIL gels based on imidazolium cations have been found to exhibit an anion-exchange induced stimuli responsiveness. This thesis explores incorporation of ionic liquids in polyurethane (PU) polymers to make PIL PU gels and dispersions through condensation polymerization. PIL gels are synthesized through a single-pot approach that show stimuli response to solvents. This approach allows one to make these gels rapidly and cheaply on-site. These gels can reversibly porate in different solvents and are found to be porous when analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). PIL based resins are also made in two steps, that show self-dispersion properties in water forming thermodynamically stable nano-scale particles. These materials can be transported as 100% solid resins, where they can be transformed into polyurethane dispersions (PUDs) onsite. These particles also show stimuli responsiveness to different anions and solvents.

Dielectric Properties Of Ionic Liquids

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Author : Marian Paluch
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2016-08-01

Dielectric Properties Of Ionic Liquids written by Marian Paluch and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-08-01 with Science categories.

This book discusses the mechanisms of electric conductivity in various ionic liquid systems (protic, aprotic as well as polymerized ionic liquids). It hence covers the electric properties of ionic liquids and their macromolecular counterpanes, some of the most promising materials for the development of safe electrolytes in modern electrochemical energy devices such as batteries, super-capacitors, fuel cells and dye-sensitized solar cells. Chapter contributions by the experts in the field discuss important findings obtained using broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS) and other complementary techniques. The book is an excellent introduction for readers who are new to the field of dielectric properties of ionic conductors, and a helpful guide for every scientist who wants to investigate the interplay between molecular structure and dynamics in ionic conductors by means of dielectric spectroscopy.

Ion Transport And Dynamics In Polymerized Ionic Liquids

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Author : Maximilian Ferdinand Heres Heres
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2018

Ion Transport And Dynamics In Polymerized Ionic Liquids written by Maximilian Ferdinand Heres Heres and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with Addition polymerization categories.

Polymerized ionic liquids, polyILs, are a novel type of solid polymer electrolyte with possible applications in energy conversion or storage devices. The key to unlocking the true potential ionic conductivity and mechanical strength of polyILs lies in the strategic design of the chemical structure which, facilitates fast ion transport in a thermally stable material. To shed light onto the structure-property relationship in polymerized ionic liquids, this dissertation presents experimental studies on the impact of molecular structure and spatial confinement on ion dynamics in ammonium- and imidazolium-based polymerized ionic liquids with various chemical structures. Broadband dielectric spectroscopy is used alongside X-ray scattering and differential scanning calorimetry to investigate the impact of alkyl pendant group length and poly-cation chemical structure on counter-ion mobility. It is found that the ion mobility in ammonium-based polymerized ionic liquids is more sensitive to variation of the molecular surrounding of the poly-cation, compared to their imidazolium-based counterparts. Furthermore, it is shown that the cation chemistry plays a more significant role than the cation location relative to the backbone, which is an important design handle when selecting the molecular chemistry of the material for a specific application. Ultra thin polymer films have a large ratio of interface to bulk material, which due to electrostatic interactions and confinement effects, can drastically alter dielectric properties. Broadband dielectric spectroscopy in combination with a nano-structured electrode configuration is used to investigate ion dynamics in ultra-thin films of polymerized ionic liquids as thin as 7.5 nm. Ion dynamics remain unaltered at low temperatures, while a decrease in the characteristic ion hopping rate is observed above the Tg̳ of the bulk polyIL. With this experimental approach the structural relaxation of an ammonium based polymerized ionic liquid film of 15nm thickness is measured. The ionic conductivity and structural relaxation data presented in this work provides valuable strategic information for designing electrode materials compatible with solid polymer electrolyte thin films, and smart choice of chemical structures to avoid parasitic losses due to electrode polarization in thin film geometries.

Heterophase Polymerization

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Author : Hugo Hernandez
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2021-04-04

Heterophase Polymerization written by Hugo Hernandez and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-04-04 with Science categories.

Heterophase polymerization is a century-old technology with a wide range of relevant industrial applications, including coatings, adhesives, rubbers, and many other specialized biomedical and high-performance materials. However, due to its multiscale complexity, it still remains a challenging research topic. It is a broad field covering all heterogeneous polymerization processes that result in polymer dispersions. Its technical realizations comprise emulsion polymerization, dispersion polymerization, suspension polymerization, miniemulsion polymerization, microemulsion polymerization, and others. This book is devoted to the science and technology of heterophase polymerization, considering it a generic term as well as an umbrella expression for all of its technical realizations. It presents, from a modern perspective, the basic concepts and principles required to understand the kinetics and thermodynamics of heterophase polymerization at the atomistic, molecular, macromolecular, supramolecular, colloidal, microscopic, mesoscopic, and macroscopic scales. It critically discusses the important physicochemical mechanisms involved in heterophase polymerization, such as nucleation, particle aggregation, mass transfer, swelling, spontaneous emulsification, and polymerization kinetics, along with the experimental evidences at hand.

Polymerized Ionic Liquids

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