Postpartum Infections Prevalence Associated Obstetric Factors And The Role Of Vitamin D
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Postpartum Infections Prevalence Associated Obstetric Factors And The Role Of Vitamin D
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Author : Daniel Axelsson
language : en
Publisher: Linköping University Electronic Press
Release Date : 2019-05-15
Postpartum Infections Prevalence Associated Obstetric Factors And The Role Of Vitamin D written by Daniel Axelsson and has been published by Linköping University Electronic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-05-15 with categories.
Background: Postpartum infections are a major cause of maternal mortality and morbidity worldwide. Breast infection, endometritis, urinary tract infection and wound infections are the most common postpartum infections and together they affect almost 20% of women after childbirth. Some risk factors for postpartum infections, for example cesarean section, have been relatively well studied, but other presumable risk factors are yet to be confirmed. The proportion of pregnant women who are overweight or obese is increasing in most parts of the world. Increased maternal body mass index (BMI) is associated with maternal and infant morbidity. The association between overweight / obesity and postpartum infections is incompletely understood. Vitamin D deficiency has in epidemiological studies been shown to increase the risk of various infections. Furthermore, vitamin D is an important factor in the human immune system. Concomitantly, vitamin D supplementation seems protective against some types of infections. Whether vitamin D deficiency is a risk factor for postpartum infections has not been studied. Material and Methods: In a population-based observational study using questionnaires, the prevalences of postpartum wound infections, endometritis, urinary tract infections and mastitis in the southeast region of Sweden were estimated (Paper I). All women giving birth in the region during one year (n=11 124) were asked to participate. Papers II and III were cohort studies based on all deliveries in Sweden during eight years (2005-2012). Data sources were the Swedish Medical Birth Register, the Swedish National Patient Register and the Swedish Prescribed Drugs Register. In paper II all term deliveries were included (n=795 072). Risk factors for postpartum wound infections, endometritis and urinary tract infection were evaluated. Paper III included all deliveries (n=841 780) and examined the impact of BMI on the risk of postpartum wound infections, endometritis and breast abscess after different modes of delivery. Infections were defined as the presence of applicable ICD-10 codes. The Mantel-Haenszel technique was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios. In paper IV the association between vitamin D deficiency and overall postpartum infectious morbidity was analyzed. Serum samples from the Pregnancy Biobank in Linköping, drawn at the time of delivery, were used to determine concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in 1397 women. ICD-10 codes were extracted from the women’s medical records. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was calculated and adjusted odds ratios for postpartum infections were estimated with multivariable logistic regression analysis. Results: More than one out of ten women in southeast Sweden reported wound infections; endometritis, urinary tract infection or mastitis postpartum and 7.5% reported antibiotic treatment for infection. Cesarean section was the strongest risk factor for wound infection, followed by obstetric anal sphincter injuries and episiotomy. For endometritis, the strongest risk factors were anemia, manual placental removal and emergency cesarean section. Urinary tract infection was associated with anemia, instrumental vaginal delivery and emergency cesarean section. There was a dose-dependent increased risk of postpartum infection with higher BMI. For morbidly obese women the risk of infection was over 50% higher than for normal weight women. The risk of endometritis after normal vaginal delivery increased the higher the BMI, as did the risk of wound infection after cesarean section, regardless of the type of cesarean section. For breast abscess, there was an inverse association with BMI. Vitamin D deficiency was present among almost 60% of pregnant women at the time of delivery. No association between vitamin D deficiency and postpartum infections was found. Conclusions: Every tenth Swedish woman acquired an infection postpartum and three quarters of them received antibiotics for infection. Anemia was an important risk factor for postpartum infection, and the strongest risk factor for endometritis and urinary tract infection. Strong efforts should be made to reduce blood loss during and after childbirth. This thesis confirmed cesarean section as a major risk factor for postpartum infection, especially wound infection. The risk increased if the woman was overweight or obese, regardless of whether it was a planned or an emergency cesarean section. Vitamin D deficiency was common among Swedish pregnant women, but it was not found to be associated with postpartum infections.
Oxford Textbook Of Obstetric Anaesthesia
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Author : Vicki Clark
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2016-08-18
Oxford Textbook Of Obstetric Anaesthesia written by Vicki Clark and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-08-18 with Medical categories.
From early conception until the postpartum period, anaesthetists are required to provide pregnant women with the highest standard of anaesthetic care and pain relief whilst negotiating challenges such as concurrent systemic disease, infertility, and obesity as well as practising in accordance with new developments in fetal medicine surgery, pharmacology, and imaging. The Oxford Textbook of Obstetric Anaesthesia provides an up-to-date summary of the scientific basis, assessment for and provision of anaesthesia throughout pregnancy and labour. This highly authoritative textbook is conceptually divided into nine sections, detailing maternal and fetal physiology, fetal and neonatal assessment and therapy, anaesthesia before and during pregnancy, labour and vaginal delivery, anaesthesia for caesarean delivery, anaesthetic and obstetric complications, as well as systemic disease. Individual chapters address topics such as simulation and ultrasound. Authored by an international team of expert anaesthetists this textbook reflects current world-wide practice and guidelines. Designed for consultants and trainees in anaesthesia, the Oxford Textbook of Obstetric Anaesthesia is the definitive source of expert knowledge for anaesthetists in this subspecialty.
Nutrition And Hiv
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Author : Saurabh Mehta
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2018-05-15
Nutrition And Hiv written by Saurabh Mehta and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-05-15 with Medical categories.
The world continues to lose more than a million lives each year to the HIV epidemic, and nearly two million individuals were infected with HIV in 2017 alone. The new Sustainable Development Goals, adopted by countries of the United Nations in September 2015, include a commitment to end the AIDS epidemic by 2030. Considerable emphasis on prevention of new infections and treatment of those living with HIV will be needed to make this goal achievable. With nearly 37 million people now living with HIV, it is a communicable disease that behaves like a noncommunicable disease. Nutritional management is integral to comprehensive HIV care and treatment. Improved nutritional status and weight gain can increase recovery and strength of individuals living with HIV/AIDS, improve dietary diversity and caloric intake, and improve quality of life. This book highlights evidence-based research linking nutrition and HIV and identifies research gaps to inform the development of guidelines and policies for the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. A comprehensive approach that includes nutritional interventions is likely to maximize the benefit of antiretroviral therapy in preventing HIV disease progression and other adverse outcomes in HIV-infected men and women. Modification of nutritional status has been shown to enhance the quality of life of those suffering HIV/AIDS, both physically in terms of improved body mass index and immunological markers, and psychologically, by improving symptoms of depression. While the primary focus for those infected should remain on antiretroviral treatment and increasing its availability and coverage, improvement of nutritional status plays a complementary role in the management of HIV infection.
The Obstetric Hematology Manual
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Author : Sue Pavord
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2010-04-15
The Obstetric Hematology Manual written by Sue Pavord and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-04-15 with Medical categories.
Obstetric hematology is a fast-growing area of medicine covering the diagnosis and management of hematological problems of pregnancy. Comprehensive in approach, The Obstetric Hematology Manual addresses the many hematological conditions that can cause serious problems in pregnancy, delivery and the post-partum period for both mother and baby. Written by a team of international authorities, this text provides up-to-date, evidence-based guidelines on best care, as well as sound advice based on the experience and opinion of experts. Where appropriate, basic principles are discussed to clarify the rationale for management, and systems and procedures for disease prevention are highlighted. Many conditions and cases are discussed, including venous thromboembolism, pre-eclampsia, anemia, thrombocytopenia and inherited disorders. This book will appeal to both trainees and practitioners in obstetrics, obstetric medicine, obstetric anesthesia and hematology. It is also an accessible text for midwives, nurses, and laboratory staff.
Infections In Pregnancy
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Author : Adel Elkady
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2019-10-24
Infections In Pregnancy written by Adel Elkady and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-10-24 with Medical categories.
Provides effective diagnosis and management of infectious diseases in pregnant women in a single comprehensive available resource for busy clinicians.
Disease Control Priorities Third Edition Volume 2
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Author : Robert Black
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 2016-04-11
Disease Control Priorities Third Edition Volume 2 written by Robert Black and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-04-11 with Medical categories.
The evaluation of reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health (RMNCH) by the Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (DCP3) focuses on maternal conditions, childhood illness, and malnutrition. Specifically, the chapters address acute illness and undernutrition in children, principally under age 5. It also covers maternal mortality, morbidity, stillbirth, and influences to pregnancy and pre-pregnancy. Volume 3 focuses on developments since the publication of DCP2 and will also include the transition to older childhood, in particular, the overlap and commonality with the child development volume. The DCP3 evaluation of these conditions produced three key findings: 1. There is significant difficulty in measuring the burden of key conditions such as unintended pregnancy, unsafe abortion, nonsexually transmitted infections, infertility, and violence against women. 2. Investments in the continuum of care can have significant returns for improved and equitable access, health, poverty, and health systems. 3. There is a large difference in how RMNCH conditions affect different income groups; investments in RMNCH can lessen the disparity in terms of both health and financial risk.
Hacker Moore S Essentials Of Obstetrics And Gynecology
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Author : Neville F. Hacker
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
Release Date : 2015-11-10
Hacker Moore S Essentials Of Obstetrics And Gynecology written by Neville F. Hacker and has been published by Elsevier Health Sciences this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-11-10 with Medical categories.
Hacker & Moore's Essentials of Obstetrics and Gynecology, by Drs. Neville F. Hacker, Joseph C. Gambone, and Calvin J. Hobel, is the #1 choice of ob/gyn residents and medical students because of its concise focus, comprehensive coverage, and easy-to-use format. This new edition features updated clinical cases and assessments, new Clinical Key boxes, and thoroughly revised text and images that reflect today's best knowledge on the evaluation, diagnosis, and management of a wide range of ob/gyn disorders. Concise, comprehensive content is well organized, highly accessible, and relevant to today's practice. High-quality, full-color design for maximum readability. Online access to updated clinical cases, self-assessment tools, an obstetric statistics resource, and a glossary of common terms. New Clinical Key boxes and judicious use of bolding make it easy to identify the high-yield material you need to know. Content is aligned to APGO/CREOG objectives to ensure coverage of essential, clinically relevant material.
Handbook Of Clinical Obstetrics
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Author : E. Albert Reece, MD, PhD, MBA
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2008-04-15
Handbook Of Clinical Obstetrics written by E. Albert Reece, MD, PhD, MBA and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-04-15 with Medical categories.
The second edition of this quick reference handbook for obstetricians and gynecologists and primary care physicians is designed to complement the parent textbook Clinical Obstetrics: The Fetus & Mother The third edition of Clinical Obstetrics: The Fetus & Mother is unique in that it gives in-depth attention to the two patients – fetus and mother, with special coverage of each patient. Clinical Obstetrics thoroughly reviews the biology, pathology, and clinical management of disorders affecting both the fetus and the mother. Clinical Obstetrics: The Fetus & Mother - Handbook provides the practising physician with succinct, clinically focused information in an easily retrievable format that facilitates diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment. When you need fast answers to specific questions, you can turn with confidence to this streamlined, updated reference.
Classic And Pleiotropic Actions Of Vitamin D
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Author : Pawel Pludowski
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2019-09-24
Classic And Pleiotropic Actions Of Vitamin D written by Pawel Pludowski and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-09-24 with categories.
The vitamin D is widely advertised as a solution for a large spectrum of diseases and health issues. Growing number of pharmaceuticals and supplements containing vitamin D, increasing availability of them in pharmacies, stores, online distribution and, sometimes, an intrusive commercial publicity campaigns have raised great interest, and have triggered reasonable controversies and fears. The self-administration of high doses of vitamin D has also appeared major concern in society. There is an increasing number of dilemmas regarding side effects including nephrocalcinosis, urinary stone disease, drug interactions and other adversity. On the other hand, it is recognized that vitamin D deficiency is a global health problem with potential negative consequences on health, welfare and morbidity during growth and adulthood, and therefore influencing health care services worldwide. According to current published reports, the vitamin D deficiency is regarded a significant risk factor for several civilization diseases including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, autoimmune and metabolic disorders, infectious diseases and many other chronic conditions. Thus, it is essential to discuss vividly, and share scientific reports and evidence demonstrating both the safety issues and the significance of vitamin D for health of children, adolescents, middle-aged men and women, professionally active individuals, and seniors. This eBook is a collection of articles presented at the 3rd International Conference “Vitamin D - Minimum, Maximum, Optimum” (EVIDAS 2017) held in Warsaw (Poland) on September 22–23, 2017. EVIDAS (European Vitamin D Association) is a scientific society focused on vitamin D and its meaning for human health.
De Swiet S Medical Disorders In Obstetric Practice
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Author : Raymond Powrie
language : en
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Release Date : 2010-12-17
De Swiet S Medical Disorders In Obstetric Practice written by Raymond Powrie and has been published by John Wiley & Sons this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-12-17 with Medical categories.
Pregnancy affects the physiology of women as their bodies adapt to the growing life within them; but how does this affect how you manage general, or pre-existing medical complaints? How do you differentiate the effects of pregnancy from genuine medical conditions? What are the effects of the ‘standard’ treatments on the growing fetus? What about breastfeeding? In this brand-new edition of de Swiet’s Medical Disorders in Clinical Practice, expert physicians present the best evidence and practical wisdom to guide you and your patients through their pregnancy and illness, to a successful birth and early motherhood. Using a combination of algorithms, years of experience and an evidence-based approach, this book will help you to: Diagnose difficult to identify conditions during pregnancy Effectively prescribe for pregnant and lactating women Overcome the challenges of imaging, anesthesia and critical care for pregnant women de Swiet’s assists you in navigating the many challenges pregnancy presents for both the patient and physician.