Potential Business Models For Recharging Infrastructure And Their Implications For Plug In Electric Vehicle Adoption
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Potential Business Models For Recharging Infrastructure And Their Implications For Plug In Electric Vehicle Adoption
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Author : Rakesh Sridhar
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2019
Potential Business Models For Recharging Infrastructure And Their Implications For Plug In Electric Vehicle Adoption written by Rakesh Sridhar and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with categories.
Plug-in Electric Vehicles are more efficient, have lower operating and maintenance costs, and emit fewer local air pollutants than conventional internal combustion engine vehicles. Despite these advantages, the customer adoption of plug-in electric vehicles has been slow due to their high purchase costs, limited driving range, and long recharging times. Construction of a ubiquitous network of high-power recharging stations has often been suggested as a solution to promote their adoption. Although many governments around the world are currently funding the construction of public recharging infrastructure, they cannot continue to provide support indefinitely. This necessitates a private sector-led effort to expand public recharging infrastructure for plug-in electric vehicles to become competitive with conventional vehicles. Unlike gasoline stations, public recharging infrastructure service fewer cars in a day, and hence, the traditional ancillary revenue based gasoline station business model will not be applicable. So, new, innovative business partnerships are required in the near term to support the construction of public recharging infrastructure until the demand from plug-in electric vehicles becomes significant enough to generate high revenues. Using a System Dynamics modeling approach, we modeled and simulated the electromobility eco-system comprising of electric vehicles and various types of public recharging infrastructure to determine the factors that influence the infrastructure's financial viability. We then conceptualized two business models that affect these factors to improve the cash flow and net income of public recharging infrastructure. Data from literature was used to calibrate one of the two business models, and we were able to prove that public recharging infrastructure can be constructed in a profitable way if the provider partnered with a taxi fleet. Once the business model was validated, we introduced it in the electromobility eco-system simulation to estimate its impact on the adoption of Battery Electric Vehicles. With the business model in action, the public recharging infrastructure expanded by 14% from earlier and resulted in a 7% increase in the adoption of plug-in battery electric vehicles by 2050.
Electric Vehicle Business Models
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Author : David Beeton
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2014-12-27
Electric Vehicle Business Models written by David Beeton and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-12-27 with Technology & Engineering categories.
This contributed volume collects insights from industry professionals, policy makers and researchers on new and profitable business models in the field of electric vehicles (EV) for the mass market. This book includes approaches that address the optimization of total cost of ownership. Moreover, it presents alternative models of ownership, financing and leasing. The editors present state-of-the-art insights from international experts, including real-world case studies. The volume has been edited in the framework of the International Energy Agency’s Implementing Agreement for Cooperation on Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (IA-HEV). The target audience primarily comprises practitioners and decision makers but the book may also be beneficial for research experts and graduate students.
Overcoming Barriers To Deployment Of Plug In Electric Vehicles
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Author : National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Overcoming Barriers to Electric-Vehicle Deployment
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015
Overcoming Barriers To Deployment Of Plug In Electric Vehicles written by National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Overcoming Barriers to Electric-Vehicle Deployment and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with Science categories.
In the past few years, interest in plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) has grown. Advances in battery and other technologies, new federal standards for carbon-dioxide emissions and fuel economy, state zero-emission-vehicle requirements, and the current administration's goal of putting millions of alternative-fuel vehicles on the road have all highlighted PEVs as a transportation alternative. Consumers are also beginning to recognize the advantages of PEVs over conventional vehicles, such as lower operating costs, smoother operation, and better acceleration; the ability to fuel up at home; and zero tailpipe emissions when the vehicle operates solely on its battery. There are, however, barriers to PEV deployment, including the vehicle cost, the short all-electric driving range, the long battery charging time, uncertainties about battery life, the few choices of vehicle models, and the need for a charging infrastructure to support PEVs. What should industry do to improve the performance of PEVs and make them more attractive to consumers? At the request of Congress, Overcoming Barriers to Deployment of Plug-in Electric Vehicles identifies barriers to the introduction of electric vehicles and recommends ways to mitigate these barriers. This report examines the characteristics and capabilities of electric vehicle technologies, such as cost, performance, range, safety, and durability, and assesses how these factors might create barriers to widespread deployment. Overcoming Barriers to Deployment of Plug-in Electric Vehicles provides an overview of the current status of PEVs and makes recommendations to spur the industry and increase the attractiveness of this promising technology for consumers. Through consideration of consumer behaviors, tax incentives, business models, incentive programs, and infrastructure needs, this book studies the state of the industry and makes recommendations to further its development and acceptance.
Vehicle To Grid
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Author : Lance Noel
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2019-01-04
Vehicle To Grid written by Lance Noel and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-01-04 with Technology & Engineering categories.
This book defines and charts the barriers and future of vehicle-to-grid technology: a technology that could dramatically reduce emissions, create revenue, and accelerate the adoption of battery electric cars. This technology connects the electric power grid and the transportation system in ways that will enable electric vehicles to store renewable energy and offer valuable services to the electricity grid and its markets. To understand the complex features of this emergent technology, the authors explore the current status and prospect of vehicle-to-grid, and detail the sociotechnical barriers that may impede its fruitful deployment. The book concludes with a policy roadmap to advise decision-makers on how to optimally implement vehicle-to-grid and capture its benefits to society while attempting to avoid the impediments discussed earlier in the book.
Planning Model For Implementing Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure In Distribution System
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Author : Yassir Alhazmi
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016
Planning Model For Implementing Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure In Distribution System written by Yassir Alhazmi and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with categories.
Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) are growing in popularity in developed countries in an attempt to overcome the problems of pollution, depleting natural oil and fossil fuel reserves and rising petrol costs. In addition, automotive industries are facing increasing community pressure and governmental regulations to reduce emissions and adopt cleaner, more sustainable technologies such as PEVs. However, accepting this new technology depends primarily on the economic aspects for individuals and the development of adequate PEV technologies. The reliability and dependability of the new vehicles (PEVs) are considered the main public concerns due to range anxiety. The limited driving range of PEVs makes public charging a requirement for long-distance trips, and therefore, the availability of convenient and fast charging infrastructure is a crucial factor in bolstering the adoption of PEVs. The goal of the work presented in this thesis was to address the challenges associated with implementing electric vehicle fast charging stations (FCSs) in distribution system. Installing electric vehicle charging infrastructure without planning (free entry) can cause some complications that affect the FCS network performance negatively. First, the number of charging stations with the free entry can be less or more than the required charging facilities, which leads to either waste resources by overestimating the number of PEVs or disturb the drivers' convenience by underestimate the number of PEVs. In addition, it is likely that high traffic areas are selected to locate charging stations; accordingly, other areas could have a lack of charging facilities, which will have a negative impact on the ability of PEVs to travel in the whole transportation network. Moreover, concentrating charging stations in specific areas can increase both the risk of local overloads and the business competition from technical and economic perspectives respectively. Technically, electrical utilities require that the extra load of adopting PEV demand on the power system be managed. Utilities strive for the implementation of FCSs to follow existing electrical standards in order to maintain a reliable and robust electrical system. Economically, the low PEV penetration level at the early adoption stage makes high competition market less attractive for investors; however, regulated market can manage the distance between charging stations in order to enhance the potential profit of the market. As a means of facilitating the deployment of FCSs, this thesis presents a comprehensive planning model for implementing plug-in electric vehicle charging infrastructure. The plan consists of four main steps: estimating number of PEVs as well as the number of required charging facilities in the network; selecting the strategic points in transportation network to be FCS target locations; investigating the maximum capability of distribution system current structure to accommodate PEV loads; and developing an economical staging model for installing PEV charging stations. The development of the comprehensive planning begins with estimating the PEV market share. This objective is achieved using a forecasting model for PEV market sales that includes the parameters influencing PEV market sales. After estimating the PEV market size, a new charging station allocation approach is developed based on a Trip Success Ratio (TSR) to enhance PEV drivers' convenience. The proposed allocation approach improves PEV drivers' accessibility to charging stations by choosing target locations in transportation network that increase the possibility of completing PEVs trips successfully. This model takes into consideration variations in driving behaviors, battery capacities, States of Charge (SOC), and trip classes. The estimation of PEV penetration level and the target locations of charging stations obtained from the previous two steps are utilized to investigate the capability of existing distribution systems to serve PEV demand. The Optimal Power Flow (OPF) model is utilized to determine the maximum PEV penetration level that the existing electrical system can serve with minimum system enhancement, which makes it suitable for practical implementation even at the early adoption rates. After that, the determination of charging station size, number of chargers and charger installation time are addressed in order to meet the forecasted public PEV demand with the minimum associated cost. This part of the work led to the development of an optimization methodology for determining the optimal economical staging plan for installing FCSs. The proposed staging plan utilizes the forecasted PEV sales to produce the public PEV charging demand by considering the traffic flow in the transportation network, and the public PEV charging demand is distributed between the FCSs based on the traffic flow ratio considering distribution system margins of PEV penetration level. Then, the least-cost fast chargers that satisfy the quality of service requirements in terms of waiting and processing times are selected to match the public PEV demand. The proposed planning model is capable to provide an extensive economic assessment of FCS projects by including PEV demand, price markup, and different market structure models. The presented staging plan model is also capable to give investors the opportunity to make a proper trade-off between overall annual cost and the convenience of PEV charging, as well as the proper pricing for public charging services.
The Role Of Market Scale In Electric Vehicle Adoption
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Author : Parasto Jabbari
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2018
The Role Of Market Scale In Electric Vehicle Adoption written by Parasto Jabbari and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with categories.
This thesis seeks to improve understanding of the role of market scale in electric vehicle (EV) adoption, by exploring consumer and infrastructure perspectives. First, we use new vehicle post-purchase consumer satisfaction survey to explore the reasons for low EV adoption. We investigate consumers’ level of satisfaction and reasons for rejecting a vehicle using matching method and statistical tests. Results show that plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) purchasers and considerers are less satisfied with their overall purchase experience compared to internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicle purchasers and considerers, but PEV considerers are less likely than ICE considerers to cite the dealer’s attitude as a reason for rejection. Price and value are the most cited reasons and were similarly important for both groups. Reasons related to model availability and vehicle attributes are more often a concern for PEV considerers than ICE considerers. These results suggest that even with existing incentives, the limitations of the current technology, mainly price and range, and variety of available vehicles, are the most important challenges for EV adoption. However, market growth has the potential to resolve most of these barriers. Since range anxiety is still a major barrier for EV adoption, even for those who already are considering purchasing EVs, we take another step to understand impact of market scale on charging infrastructure reliability, utilization and cost effectiveness. We build a queue model informed by the characteristics (e.g. charging rates, battery size, range) of current battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and available DC fast chargers. We use the model to determine how we can expect costs, utilization and availability of chargers to change with respect to each other and find out what the costs are for maintaining satisfactory availability for users. The model shows that for a charging station with few chargers, it is difficult to achieve cost-effective levels of utilization while maintaining reliable access for arriving vehicles. Large numbers of chargers per station make it possible to maintain a high reliability of access for users and a high utilization rate. Also, as the number of EVs on the road increases, the business case for DC fast chargers becomes more attractive.
Successfully Implementing A Plug In Electric Vehicle Infrastructure
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Author : Matthew Lumsden
language : en
Publisher: Inst of Engineering & Technology
Release Date : 2012-12-01
Successfully Implementing A Plug In Electric Vehicle Infrastructure written by Matthew Lumsden and has been published by Inst of Engineering & Technology this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-01 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Plug-in electric vehicles (EVs) could help local authorities achieve a range of key policy objectives in promoting healthy, prosperous and sustainable communities. Such objectives might relate to improving the sustainability of local transport, or address air quality and emissions reduction targets. Local authorities have taken a leading position in developing recharging infrastructure to support the wider adoption of EVs. However, successful EV schemes depend on targeting infrastructure to key locations, making well-informed investment decisions and establishing the right public/private partnerships. If not, authorities could find themselves faced with the cost of installing and maintaining charge points that are left unused. Further risks include public confusion about how to use the system, and negative perceptions of both electric mobility and local authority funding plans. This authoritative and expert report provides consolidated strategic and technical guidance on how to successfully plan and implement an EV infrastructure scheme. Case studies from both UK and European sources provide practical information to provide real life insight into key planning and implementation themes. These include how to integrate EV recharging infrastructure provision with transport planning, network development and council fleet procurement, and how working with stakeholders is of importance in avoiding common pitfalls. The report also provides indicative development costs, with supporting guidance reviewing how to avoid the negative cost implications that some schemes have faced. Looking to the future, the report reviews the different approaches to business models that need to be taken into account when developing safe, cost effective and interoperable recharging infrastructure with the goal of providing a seamless customer journey. This essential intelligence will help local authorities to maximize their return on investment by optimizing their approach to EV infrastructure deployment and by ensuring any installed recharging infrastructure meets current technical requirements and provides sustainable service. The report provides expert strategic and technical guidance on EV infrastructure deployment to local authority officers and managers in transport planning, environmental services and sustainable development. The information is also useful to councils collaborating in regional network development, and to their strategic partners, such as developers, retailers, leisure facilities, and charge point suppliers and installers.
Migrating From Oil To Electricity Powered Vehicles Modeling Germany S Transition To The Ev Until 2040 In System Dynamics
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Author : Michael Stephan
language : en
Publisher: GRIN Verlag
Release Date : 2009-10-05
Migrating From Oil To Electricity Powered Vehicles Modeling Germany S Transition To The Ev Until 2040 In System Dynamics written by Michael Stephan and has been published by GRIN Verlag this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-10-05 with Political Science categories.
Bachelor Thesis from the year 2009 in the subject Business economics - Economic Policy, grade: 1.0, Otto Beisheim School of Management Vallendar (Kuehne Foundation Chair in Logistics Management), language: English, abstract: Replacing traditional internal combustion engine cars by electric vehicles (EVs) offers significant advantages, such as lower CO2 emissions, lower noise pollution and lower oil consumption. Nonetheless, a potential migration of Germany's personal transportation ector towards the EV faces significant challenges like a low initial driving range and high production costs of the EV, as well as high investment costs into a supporting infrastructure. It is argued that some of these challenges form "chicken-and-egg"-problems that are particularly difficult to overcome. We analyze these challenges using a comprehensive System Dynamics model calibrated to Germany for the period from 2010 to 2040 with endogenous infrastructure entry and exit, detailed reigonal driving behavior, technological improvement and economies of scale. We conclude that the EV will eventually overcome these initial hurdles after 2002, even though market penetration will remain limited for a long time. The impact of different recharging technologies and a potential up-front deployment of recharging infrastructure are investigated. Furthermore, we evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of policy measures in support of the EV and aggregate potential annual CO2 emission reductions due to the introduction of the EV for different scenarios. The thesis includes: - Concrete, numeric market potential forecasts for Germany under different scenarios and assumptions (including a rapid "Better Place"-style deployment of infrastructure) - Overview over current EV technology - A description of a sophisticated System Dynamics model, including algorithms to simulate driving behavior on a regional level (>450 regions for Germany) - Sensitivity analysis for different technology development patterns and various subsidies (including city tolls for non-zero emission vehicles or infrastructure subsidies) Model, as well as data is available from the authors upon request.
Transitions To Alternative Vehicles And Fuels
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Author : National Research Council
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2013-04-14
Transitions To Alternative Vehicles And Fuels written by National Research Council and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-04-14 with Science categories.
For a century, almost all light-duty vehicles (LDVs) have been powered by internal combustion engines operating on petroleum fuels. Energy security concerns about petroleum imports and the effect of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions on global climate are driving interest in alternatives. Transitions to Alternative Vehicles and Fuels assesses the potential for reducing petroleum consumption and GHG emissions by 80 percent across the U.S. LDV fleet by 2050, relative to 2005. This report examines the current capability and estimated future performance and costs for each vehicle type and non-petroleum-based fuel technology as options that could significantly contribute to these goals. By analyzing scenarios that combine various fuel and vehicle pathways, the report also identifies barriers to implementation of these technologies and suggests policies to achieve the desired reductions. Several scenarios are promising, but strong, and effective policies such as research and development, subsidies, energy taxes, or regulations will be necessary to overcome barriers, such as cost and consumer choice.
Overcoming Barriers To Electric Vehicle Deployment
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Author : National Research Council
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2013-06-18
Overcoming Barriers To Electric Vehicle Deployment written by National Research Council and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-06-18 with Technology & Engineering categories.
The electric vehicle offers many promises-increasing U.S. energy security by reducing petroleum dependence, contributing to climate-change initiatives by decreasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, stimulating long-term economic growth through the development of new technologies and industries, and improving public health by improving local air quality. There are, however, substantial technical, social, and economic barriers to widespread adoption of electric vehicles, including vehicle cost, small driving range, long charging times, and the need for a charging infrastructure. In addition, people are unfamiliar with electric vehicles, are uncertain about their costs and benefits, and have diverse needs that current electric vehicles might not meet. Although a person might derive some personal benefits from ownership, the costs of achieving the social benefits, such as reduced GHG emissions, are borne largely by the people who purchase the vehicles. Given the recognized barriers to electric-vehicle adoption, Congress asked the Department of Energy (DOE) to commission a study by the National Academies to address market barriers that are slowing the purchase of electric vehicles and hindering the deployment of supporting infrastructure. As a result of the request, the National Research Council (NRC)-a part of the National Academies-appointed the Committee on Overcoming Barriers to Electric-Vehicle Deployment. This committee documented their findings in two reports-a short interim report focused on near-term options, and a final comprehensive report. Overcoming Barriers to Electric-Vehicle Deployment fulfills the request for the short interim report that addresses specifically the following issues: infrastructure needs for electric vehicles, barriers to deploying the infrastructure, and possible roles of the federal government in overcoming the barriers. This report also includes an initial discussion of the pros and cons of the possible roles. This interim report does not address the committee's full statement of task and does not offer any recommendations because the committee is still in its early stages of data-gathering. The committee will continue to gather and review information and conduct analyses through late spring 2014 and will issue its final report in late summer 2014. Overcoming Barriers to Electric-Vehicle Deployment focuses on the light-duty vehicle sector in the United States and restricts its discussion of electric vehicles to plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs), which include battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). The common feature of these vehicles is that their batteries are charged by being plugged into the electric grid. BEVs differ from PHEVs because they operate solely on electricity stored in a battery (that is, there is no other power source); PHEVs have internal combustion engines that can supplement the electric power train. Although this report considers PEVs generally, the committee recognizes that there are fundamental differences between PHEVs and BEVs.