Pricing In Accordance With Ec Competition Rules
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Pricing In Accordance With Ec Competition Rules
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Author : Daniel Müller
language : en
Publisher: GRIN Verlag
Release Date : 2002-08-01
Pricing In Accordance With Ec Competition Rules written by Daniel Müller and has been published by GRIN Verlag this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002-08-01 with Law categories.
Seminar paper from the year 2001 in the subject Law - European and International Law, Intellectual Properties, grade: 68% (entspr. 13 P.), Trinity College Dublin (-), course: Economic & Legal Aspects of Competition Policy, 21 entries in the bibliography, language: English, abstract: Price competition constitutes the most essential form of competition, as different prices for similar products promote the interchangeability of goods. In a competitive market, the price depends on the demand for the product. If there is little demand, the company will have to lower the price it can charge in order to compete with its rivals. Consumers who have choice are more likely to buy the product, which they think, is of good value. Therefore, to stay in the market, companies must seek to produce at minimum costs and to sell the product at a price, which includes a reasonable profit. The function of price competition is to keep prices down to the lowest and to encourage the movement of goods between the Member States . If a good product is sold at an inflated price, consumers might purchase a less appropriate product, which may not satisfy them. Thus price fixing, both horizontal and vertical, is the most obvious infringement of competition law . While horizontal agreements can eliminate inter-brand competition, price fixing between rivals, which also bind distributors (horizontal/vertical agreement) can restrict inter-brand as well as intra-brand competition. Mere vertical agreements, applied by suppliers individually, can cause horizontal effect as well, because it removes competition between distributors. Competition can easily be restricted from a position of dominance. In order to drive smaller companies out of the market or to prevent others from entering, a dominant undertaking can abuse its economic power and charge prices which other firms cannot compete with. The first Common Law country which had to deal with the issue of pricing, were the United States after the introduction of the Sherman Act 1890. In US v. Addyston Pipe and Steel Co. , the Supreme Court held pricing to be illegal per se under sec. 1 of the Sherman Act 1895 . An explanation for this holding can be found in Trenton Potteries : ′The power to fix prices [...] involves power to control the market and to fix arbitrary and unreasonable prices.′ [...]
The Reform Of Ec Competition Law
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Author : Ioannis Kokkoris
language : en
Publisher: Kluwer Law International B.V.
Release Date : 2010-01-01
The Reform Of Ec Competition Law written by Ioannis Kokkoris and has been published by Kluwer Law International B.V. this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010-01-01 with Law categories.
This book represents a fresh approach to EC competition law - one that is of singular value in grappling with the huge economic challenges we face today. As a critical analysis of the law and options available to European competition authorities and legal practitioners in the field, it stands without peer. It will be greatly welcomed by lawyers, policymakers and other interested professionals in Europe and throughout the world.
Competition Law Of The European Union
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Author : Van Bael & Bellis
language : en
Publisher: Kluwer Law International B.V.
Release Date : 2021-03-01
Competition Law Of The European Union written by Van Bael & Bellis and has been published by Kluwer Law International B.V. this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-03-01 with Law categories.
This new Sixth Edition of a major work by the well-known competition law team at Van Bael & Bellis in Brussels brings the book up to date to take account of the many developments in the case law and relevant legislation that have occurred since the Fifth Edition in 2010. The authors have also taken the opportunity to write a much-extended chapter on private enforcement and a dedicated section on competition law in the pharmaceutical sector. As one would expect, the new edition continues to meet the challenge for businesses and their counsel, providing a thoroughly practical guide to the application of the EU competition rules. The critical commentary cuts through the theoretical underpinnings of EU competition law to expose its actual impact on business. In this comprehensive new edition, the authors examine such notable developments as the following: important rulings concerning the concept of a restriction by object under Article 101; the extensive case law in the field of cartels, including in relation to cartel facilitation and price signalling; important Article 102 rulings concerning pricing and exclusivity, including the Post Danmark and Intel judgments, as well as standard essential patents; the current block exemption and guidelines applicable to vertical agreements, including those applicable to the motor vehicle sector; developments concerning online distribution, including the Pierre Fabre and Coty rulings; the current guidelines and block exemptions in the field of horizontal cooperation, including the treatment of information exchange; the evolution of EU merger control, including court defeats suffered by the Commission and the case law on procedural infringements; the burgeoning case law related to pharmaceuticals, including concerning reverse payment settlements; the current technology transfer guidelines and block exemption; procedural developments, including in relation to the right to privacy, access to file, parental liability, fining methodology, inability to pay and hybrid settlements; the implementation of the Damages Directive and the first interpretative rulings. As a comprehensive, up-to-date and above all practical analysis of the EU competition rules as developed by the Commission and EU Courts, this authoritative new edition of a classic work stands alone. Like its predecessors, it will be of immeasurable value to both business persons and their legal advisers.
The Economics Of Ec Competition Law
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Author : Simon Bishop
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2010
The Economics Of Ec Competition Law written by Simon Bishop and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with Antitrust law categories.
This new edition of this work provides an overview of economic theory and analysis as applied to European competition law, and includes recent legislative, regulatory and policy developments.
Modernisation And Enlargement
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Author : Damien Geradin
language : en
Publisher: Intersentia nv
Release Date : 2004
Modernisation And Enlargement written by Damien Geradin and has been published by Intersentia nv this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004 with Antitrust law categories.
This book comprises a set of papers that were prepared for and delivered at the Global Competition Law Centre's Annual Conference "Modernisation and Enlargement: Two Major Challenges for EC Competition Law". The book presents an analysis of the new Regulation 1/2003 on the implementation of the competition rules laid down in Article 81 and 82 of the Treaty. This new Regulation represents a cultural revolution for EC competition lawyers, who were accustomed to notifying agreements in order to obtain some legal certainty for their clients. Modernisation opens up a brand new world where corporations and their lawyers will be asked to self-assess the validity of their agreements under EC competition law. The direct effect given to Article 81(3) will also stimulate implementation at the national level, including actions in national courts, although several procedural issues may impede private actions in courts. Amongc its other features, Regulation 1/2003 also creates a European Competition Network (ECN), which provides an institutional focus for cooperation between the NCAs and the Commission, as well as among the NCAs themselves. Enlargement of the European Union was one of the factors, which contributed to the adoption of Regulation 1/2003. Enlargement will expand the geographical scope of application of EC competition rules, but it will also create many important challenges. The NCAs of the new Member States are relatively new organisations, which in some cases lack the expertise and resources to pursue a credible enforcement agenda. These Member States are, however, willing to take on those challenges and, though a period of adaptation will be needed, there are no reasons why they should be unable to progressively develop a successful competition policy. Already, some agencies (e.g., in Hungary or Poland) have developed a credible enforcement record. This book is invaluable for all EU competition lawyers.
Eu And Us Competition Law Divided In Unity
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Author : Csongor István Nagy
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2016-04-22
Eu And Us Competition Law Divided In Unity written by Csongor István Nagy and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-04-22 with Law categories.
This book examines the structure of the rule on restrictive agreements in the context of vertical intra-brand price and territorial restraints, analysing, comparing and evaluating their treatment in US antitrust and EU competition law. It examines the concept of 'agreement' as the threshold question of the rule on restrictive agreements, the structure and focus of antitrust/competition law analysis, the treatment of vertical intra-brand price and territorial restrictions and their place in the test of antitrust/competition law. The treatment of vertical intra-brand restraints is one of the most controversial issues of contemporary competition law and policy, and there are substantial differences between the world's two leading regimes in this regard. In the US, resale price fixing merits an effects-analysis, while in the EU it is prohibited almost outright. Likewise, territorial protection is treated laxly in the US, while in the EU absolute territorial protection - due to the single market imperative - is strictly prohibited. Using a novel approach of legal analysis, this book will be of interest to academics and scholars of business and commercial law, international and comparative law.
Private Enforcement Of Ec Competition Law
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Author : Jurgen Basedow
language : en
Publisher: Kluwer Law International B.V.
Release Date : 2007-01-01
Private Enforcement Of Ec Competition Law written by Jurgen Basedow and has been published by Kluwer Law International B.V. this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-01-01 with Law categories.
The European Commission's recent green paper on damages actions for breach of EC antitrust rules stirred a debate across Europe on the need for legal reform that would encourage private plaintiffs to claim compensation for losses suffered as a result of anticompetitive conduct. Prominent in the wake of that initiative was the international conference convened by the Max Planck Institute for Comparative and International Private Law in Hamburg in April 2006, the papers and proceedings of which are presented in this important book. Among the topics and issues raised and discussed here are the following: the 2001 Courage judgment of the European Court of Justice, in which the court decided that everyone who suffers losses from a violation of arts. 81 or 82 EC is entitled to compensation; relevance of the case law that contributes to general principles of European tort law; comparative analysis from the more comprehensive experience of national laws in the United States, Germany, France, and Italy; calculation of damages; passing-on of losses sustained in an upstream market to customers in a downstream market; procedural devices which may help to overcome the lack of implementation; duties of disclosure and the burden of proof; collective actions that may help to overcome the rational abstention of individuals; pitfalls of leniency programmes implemented by national competition authorities; and, issues of jurisdiction and choice of law. The lively debates that followed the presentations at the conference are also recorded here. Although more discussion will be needed before a viable legal framework in this area begins to emerge, these ground-breaking contributions by lawyers of various disciplines, jurists, economists, academics, and European policymakers take a giant step forward. For lawyers, academics, and officials engaged with this important area of international law, this book clearly improves our understanding of the economic need and legal particularities which could generate an effective European system of private antitrust litigation.
Guide To The Eu Block Exemption For Vertical Agreements
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Author : Martin Mendelsohn
language : en
Publisher: Kluwer Law International B.V.
Release Date : 2002-01-01
Guide To The Eu Block Exemption For Vertical Agreements written by Martin Mendelsohn and has been published by Kluwer Law International B.V. this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002-01-01 with Business & Economics categories.
The revised EC policy on the application of competition law to vertical agreements is one of the most important developments in EC anti-trust for many years. The block exemption regulation, which came into effect on 1 June 2000, and the accompanying policy changes are crucially important for companies doing business in the European Union. Whichever route a business chooses to get its products to market, it needs to understand the impact of the EC rules. This guide provides a comprehensive and practical commentary on the new rules. The work contains the full text of the block exemption regulation, accompanying guidelines and other relevant Commission notices. Issues covered include: background to EC competition law and its application to vertical agreements; in-depth analysis of the provisions of the block exemption regulation; examination of how the rules apply to exclusive distribution; and selective distribution, franchising and agency agreements. The authoritative and in-depth analysis of the guide will be invaluable to in-house counsel, business people and practitioners involved in or advising on the distribution of goods or services in the EU.
Ec Competition Law And Intellectual Property Rights
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Author : Steven D. Anderman
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
Release Date : 1998
Ec Competition Law And Intellectual Property Rights written by Steven D. Anderman and has been published by Oxford University Press, USA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1998 with Business & Economics categories.
This book provides a template of the EC competition law rules as they relate to IPRs. Author Steven Anderman explores how such a template can be applied to existing IPRs and adapted to new technologies such as telecommunications and information technology.
Eu Competition Law And Economics
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Author : Damien Geradin
language : en
Publisher: OUP Oxford
Release Date : 2012-03-22
Eu Competition Law And Economics written by Damien Geradin and has been published by OUP Oxford this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-03-22 with Law categories.
This is the first EU competition law treatise that fully integrates economic reasoning in its treatment of the decisional practice of the European Commission and the case-law of the European Court of Justice. Since the European Commission's move to a "more economic approach" to competition law reasoning and decisional practice, the use of economic argument in competition law cases has become a stricter requirement. Many national competition authorities are also increasingly moving away from a legalistic analysis of a firm's conduct to an effect-based analysis of such conduct, indeed most competition cases today involve teams composed of lawyers and industrial organisation economists. Competition law books tend to have either only cursory coverage of economics, have separate sections on economics, or indeed are far too technical in the level of economic understanding they assume. Ensuring a genuinely integrated approach to legal and economic analysis, this major new work is written by a team combining the widely recognised expertise of two competition law practitioners and a prominent economic consultant. The book contains economic reasoning throughout in accessible form, and, more pertinently for practitioners, examines economics in the light of how it is used and put to effect in the courts and decision-making institutions of the EU. A general introductory section sets EU competition law in its historical context. The second chapter goes on to explore the economics foundations of EU competition law. What follows then is an integrated treatment of each of the core substantive areas of EU competition law, including Article 101 TFEU, Article 102 TFEU, mergers, cartels and other horizontal agreements and vertical restraints.