Processor Architecture

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Processor Architecture
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Author : Jurij Silc
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Processor Architecture written by Jurij Silc and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Computers categories.
Today's microprocessors are the powerful descendants of the von Neumann 1 computer dating back to a memo of Burks, Goldstine, and von Neumann of 1946. The so-called von Neumann architecture is characterized by a se quential control flow resulting in a sequential instruction stream. A program counter addresses the next instruction if the preceding instruction is not a control instruction such as, e. g. , jump, branch, subprogram call or return. An instruction is coded in an instruction format of fixed or variable length, where the opcode is followed by one or more operands that can be data, addresses of data, or the address of an instruction in the case of a control instruction. The opcode defines the types of operands. Code and data are stored in a common storage that is linear, addressed in units of memory words (bytes, words, etc. ). The overwhelming design criterion of the von Neumann computer was the minimization of hardware and especially of storage. The most simple implementation of a von Neumann computer is characterized by a microar chitecture that defines a closely coupled control and arithmetic logic unit (ALU), a storage unit, and an I/O unit, all connected by a single connection unit. The instruction fetch by the control unit alternates with operand fetches and result stores for the AL U.
Stream Processor Architecture
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Author : Scott Rixner
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2001-10-31
Stream Processor Architecture written by Scott Rixner and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001-10-31 with Computers categories.
Media processing applications, such as three-dimensional graphics, video compression, and image processing, currently demand 10-100 billion operations per second of sustained computation. Fortunately, hundreds of arithmetic units can easily fit on a modestly sized 1cm2 chip in modern VLSI. The challenge is to provide these arithmetic units with enough data to enable them to meet the computation demands of media processing applications. Conventional storage hierarchies, which frequently include caches, are unable to bridge the data bandwidth gap between modern DRAM and tens to hundreds of arithmetic units. A data bandwidth hierarchy, however, can bridge this gap by scaling the provided bandwidth across the levels of the storage hierarchy. The stream programming model enables media processing applications to exploit a data bandwidth hierarchy effectively. Media processing applications can naturally be expressed as a sequence of computation kernels that operate on data streams. This programming model exposes the locality and concurrency inherent in these applications and enables them to be mapped efficiently to the data bandwidth hierarchy. Stream programs are able to utilize inexperience local data bandwidth when possible and consume expensive global data bandwidth only when necessary. Stream Processor Architecture presents the architecture of the Imagine streaming media processor, which delivers a peak performance of 20 billion floating-point operations per second. Imagine efficiently supports 48 arithmetic units with a three-tiered data bandwidth hierarchy. At the base of the hierarchy, the streaming memory system employs memory access scheduling to maximize the sustained bandwidth of external DRAM. At the center of the hierarchy, the global stream register file enables streams of data to be recirculated directly from one computation kernel to the next without returning data to memory. Finally, local distributed register files that directly feed the arithmetic units enable temporary data to be stored locally so that it does not need to consume costly global register bandwidth. The bandwidth hierarchy enables Imagine to achieve up to 96% of the performance of a stream processor with infinite bandwidth from memory and the global register file.
Principles Of Secure Processor Architecture Design
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Author : Jakub Szefer
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2022-06-01
Principles Of Secure Processor Architecture Design written by Jakub Szefer and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-06-01 with Technology & Engineering categories.
With growing interest in computer security and the protection of the code and data which execute on commodity computers, the amount of hardware security features in today's processors has increased significantly over the recent years. No longer of just academic interest, security features inside processors have been embraced by industry as well, with a number of commercial secure processor architectures available today. This book aims to give readers insights into the principles behind the design of academic and commercial secure processor architectures. Secure processor architecture research is concerned with exploring and designing hardware features inside computer processors, features which can help protect confidentiality and integrity of the code and data executing on the processor. Unlike traditional processor architecture research that focuses on performance, efficiency, and energy as the first-order design objectives, secure processor architecture design has security as the first-order design objective (while still keeping the others as important design aspects that need to be considered). This book aims to present the different challenges of secure processor architecture design to graduate students interested in research on architecture and hardware security and computer architects working in industry interested in adding security features to their designs. It aims to educate readers about how the different challenges have been solved in the past and what are the best practices, i.e., the principles, for design of new secure processor architectures. Based on the careful review of past work by many computer architects and security researchers, readers also will come to know the five basic principles needed for secure processor architecture design. The book also presents existing research challenges and potential new research directions. Finally, this book presents numerous design suggestions, as well as discusses pitfalls and fallacies that designers should avoid.
Ascend Ai Processor Architecture And Programming
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Author : Xiaoyao Liang
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2020-07-29
Ascend Ai Processor Architecture And Programming written by Xiaoyao Liang and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-07-29 with Computers categories.
Ascend AI Processor Architecture and Programming: Principles and Applications of CANN offers in-depth AI applications using Huawei's Ascend chip, presenting and analyzing the unique performance and attributes of this processor. The title introduces the fundamental theory of AI, the software and hardware architecture of the Ascend AI processor, related tools and programming technology, and typical application cases. It demonstrates internal software and hardware design principles, system tools and programming techniques for the processor, laying out the elements of AI programming technology needed by researchers developing AI applications. Chapters cover the theoretical fundamentals of AI and deep learning, the state of the industry, including the current state of Neural Network Processors, deep learning frameworks, and a deep learning compilation framework, the hardware architecture of the Ascend AI processor, programming methods and practices for developing the processor, and finally, detailed case studies on data and algorithms for AI. - Presents the performance and attributes of the Huawei Ascend AI processor - Describes the software and hardware architecture of the Ascend processor - Lays out the elements of AI theory, processor architecture, and AI applications - Provides detailed case studies on data and algorithms for AI - Offers insights into processor architecture and programming to spark new AI applications
General Purpose Graphics Processor Architectures
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Author : Tor M. Aamodt
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2022-05-31
General Purpose Graphics Processor Architectures written by Tor M. Aamodt and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-05-31 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Originally developed to support video games, graphics processor units (GPUs) are now increasingly used for general-purpose (non-graphics) applications ranging from machine learning to mining of cryptographic currencies. GPUs can achieve improved performance and efficiency versus central processing units (CPUs) by dedicating a larger fraction of hardware resources to computation. In addition, their general-purpose programmability makes contemporary GPUs appealing to software developers in comparison to domain-specific accelerators. This book provides an introduction to those interested in studying the architecture of GPUs that support general-purpose computing. It collects together information currently only found among a wide range of disparate sources. The authors led development of the GPGPU-Sim simulator widely used in academic research on GPU architectures. The first chapter of this book describes the basic hardware structure of GPUs and provides a brief overview of their history. Chapter 2 provides a summary of GPU programming models relevant to the rest of the book. Chapter 3 explores the architecture of GPU compute cores. Chapter 4 explores the architecture of the GPU memory system. After describing the architecture of existing systems, Chapters 3 and 4 provide an overview of related research. Chapter 5 summarizes cross-cutting research impacting both the compute core and memory system. This book should provide a valuable resource for those wishing to understand the architecture of graphics processor units (GPUs) used for acceleration of general-purpose applications and to those who want to obtain an introduction to the rapidly growing body of research exploring how to improve the architecture of these GPUs.
Architecture Exploration For Embedded Processors With Lisa
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Author : Andreas Hoffmann
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-06-29
Architecture Exploration For Embedded Processors With Lisa written by Andreas Hoffmann and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-06-29 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Already today more than 90% of all programmable processors are employed in embedded systems. This number is actually not surprising, contemplating that in a typical home you might find one or two PCs equipped with high of embedded systems, performance standard processors, but probably dozens including electronic entertainment, household, and telecom devices, each of them equipped with one or more embedded processors. Moreover, the elec tronic components of upper-class cars incorporate easily over one hundred pro cessors. Hence, efficient embedded processor design is certainly an area worth looking at. The question arises why programmable processors are so popular in embed ded system design. The answer lies in the fact that they help to narrow the gap between chip capacity and designer productivity. Embedded processors cores are nothing but one step further towards improved design reuse, just along the lines of standard cells in logic synthesis and macrocells in RTL synthesis in earlier times of IC design. Additionally, programmable processors permit to migrate functionality from hardware to software, resulting in an even improved reuse factor as well as greatly increased flexibility.
Advanced Microprocessor Microcontrollers
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Author : S. K. Venkata Ram
language : en
Publisher: Firewall Media
Release Date : 2004
Advanced Microprocessor Microcontrollers written by S. K. Venkata Ram and has been published by Firewall Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004 with Computer engineering categories.
Microprocessor Architecture
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Author : Jean-Loup Baer
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2010
Microprocessor Architecture written by Jean-Loup Baer and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with Computers categories.
This book describes the architecture of microprocessors from simple in-order short pipeline designs to out-of-order superscalars.
Multicore Processors And Systems
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Author : Stephen W. Keckler
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2009-08-29
Multicore Processors And Systems written by Stephen W. Keckler and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-08-29 with Computers categories.
Multicore Processors and Systems provides a comprehensive overview of emerging multicore processors and systems. It covers technology trends affecting multicores, multicore architecture innovations, multicore software innovations, and case studies of state-of-the-art commercial multicore systems. A cross-cutting theme of the book is the challenges associated with scaling up multicore systems to hundreds of cores. The book provides an overview of significant developments in the architectures for multicore processors and systems. It includes chapters on fundamental requirements for multicore systems, including processing, memory systems, and interconnect. It also includes several case studies on commercial multicore systems that have recently been developed and deployed across multiple application domains. The architecture chapters focus on innovative multicore execution models as well as infrastructure for multicores, including memory systems and on-chip interconnections. The case studies examine multicore implementations across different application domains, including general purpose, server, media/broadband, network processing, and signal processing. Multicore Processors and Systems is the first book that focuses solely on multicore processors and systems, and in particular on the unique technology implications, architectures, and implementations. The book has contributing authors that are from both the academic and industrial communities.
Microprocessor Architectures
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Author : Steve Heath
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2014-06-28
Microprocessor Architectures written by Steve Heath and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-06-28 with Technology & Engineering categories.
'Why are there all these different processor architectures and what do they all mean? Which processor will I use? How should I choose it?' Given the task of selecting an architecture or design approach, both engineers and managers require a knowledge of the whole system and an explanation of the design tradeoffs and their effects. This is information that rarely appears in data sheets or user manuals. This book fills that knowledge gap.Section 1 provides a primer and history of the three basic microprocessor architectures. Section 2 describes the ways in which the architectures react with the system. Section 3 looks at some more commercial aspects such as semiconductor technology, the design cycle, and selection criteria. The appendices provide benchmarking data and binary compatibility standards. Since the first edition of this book was published, much has happened within the industry. The Power PC architecture has appeared and RISC has become a more significant challenger to CISC. The book now includes new material on Power PC, and a complete chapter devoted to understanding the RISC challenge. The examples used in the text have been based on Motorola microprocessor families, but the system considerations are also applicable to other processors. For this reason comparisons to other designs have been included, and an overview of other processors including the Intel 80x86 and Pentium, DEC Alpha, SUN Sparc, and MIPS range has been given. Steve Heath has been involved in the design and development of microprocessor based systems since 1982. These designs have included VMEbus systems, microcontrollers, IBM PCs, Apple Macintoshes, and both CISC and RISC based multiprocessor systems, while using operating systems as varied as MS-DOS, UNIX, Macintosh OS and real time kernels. An avid user of computer systems, he has written numerous articles and papers for the electronics press, as well as books from Butterworth-Heinemann including VMEbus: A Practical Companion; PowerPC: A Practical Companion; MAC User's Pocket Book; UNIX Pocket Book; Upgrading Your PC Pocket Book; Upgrading Your MAC Pocket Book; and Effective PC Networking.