Quantitative Analysis Of Major Factors Affecting Black Carbon Transport And Concentrations In The Unique Atmospheric Structures Of Urban Environment
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Quantitative Analysis Of Major Factors Affecting Black Carbon Transport And Concentrations In The Unique Atmospheric Structures Of Urban Environment
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Author : Marissa Shuang Liang
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
Quantitative Analysis Of Major Factors Affecting Black Carbon Transport And Concentrations In The Unique Atmospheric Structures Of Urban Environment written by Marissa Shuang Liang and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with categories.
Black carbon (BC) from vehicular emission in transportation is a principal component of particulate matters [plus/minus] 2.5 [microgram] (PM2.5). PM2.5 and other diesel emission pollutants (e.g., NOx) are regulated by the Clean Air Act (CAA) according to the National Ambient Air Quality standards (NAAQS). This doctoral dissertation details a study on transport behaviors of black carbon and PM2.5 from transportation routes, their relations with the atmospheric structure of an urban formation, and their relations with the use of biodiesel fuels. The results have implications to near-road risk assessment and to the development of sustainable transportation solutions in urban centers. The first part of study quantified near-roadside black carbon transport as a function of particulate matter (PM) size and composition, as well as microclimatic variables (temperature and wind fields) at the interstate highway I-75 in northern Cincinnati, Ohio. Among variables examined, wind speed and direction significantly affect the roadside transport of black carbon and hence its effective emission factor. Observed non-Gaussian dispersion occurred during low wind and for wind directions at acute angles or upwind to the receptors, mostly occurring in the morning hours. Meandering of air pollutant mass under thermal inversion is likely the driving force. In contrary, Gaussian distribution predominated in daytime of strong downwinds. The roles of urban atmospheric structure, wind fields, and the urban heat island (UHI) effects were further examined on pollutant dispersion and transport. Spatiotemporal variations of traffic flow, atmospheric structure, ambient temperature and PM2.5 concentration data from 14 EPA-certified NAAQS monitoring stations, were analyzed in relation to land-use in the Cincinnati metropolitan area. The results show a decade-long UHI effects with higher interior temperature than that in exurban, and a prominent nocturnal thermal inversion frequent in urban boundary layer. The combined contribution from both traffic and atmospheric circulation accounted for observed spatiotemporal variability in PM2.5 concentrations. Based on these experimental and quantitative analyses, a three-dimensional model is proposed for contaminant's transport in highly urbanized Cincinnati region. Furthermore this dissertation explored implications on roadside pollutant evaluation, and on the risk analysis of future fuel substitution using biodiesel. The Gaussian-type models are poor in determining the effective emission factor particularly under nocturnal thermal inversion for which the effective emission factor is a function of lapse rate in the morning. The Gaussian models are applicable in daytime after the breakdown of thermal inversion. Lastly, among three types of fuels examined, the proposed butanol-added biodiesel-diesel blend (D0B15Bu5) yielded a good compromise between black carbon and NOx emissions while maintaining proper combustion properties. It is also found that the emission contained less black carbon and had higher organic carbon (OC) and elemental (EC) ratio than tested petroleum diesel. As demonstrated in other parts of this study, the OC-enriched emission will likely affect the black carbon occurrence and PM concentrations in the urban environments. Overall, it is suggested that urban formation and biofuel usage define the environmental impacts of black carbon, and are the focus for climate change mitigation and adaptation.
Global Emission Inventory And Atmospheric Transport Of Black Carbon
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Author : Rong Wang
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2015-03-05
Global Emission Inventory And Atmospheric Transport Of Black Carbon written by Rong Wang and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-03-05 with Science categories.
This thesis presents research focusing on the improvement of high-resolution global black carbon (BC) emission inventory and application in assessing the population exposure to ambient BC. A particular focus of the thesis is on the construction of a high-resolution (both spatial and sectorial) fuel consumption database, which is used to develop the emission inventory of black carbon. Above all, the author updates the global emission inventory of black carbon, a resource subsequently used to study the atmospheric transport of black carbon over Asia with the help of a high-resolution nested model. The thesis demonstrates that spatial bias in fuel consumption and BC emissions can be reduced by means of the sub-national disaggregation approach. Using the inventory and nested model, ambient BC concentrations can be better validated against observations. Lastly, it provides a complete uncertainty analysis of global black carbon emissions, and this uncertainty is taken into account in the atmospheric modeling, helping to better understand the role of black carbon in regional and global air pollution.
Particulate Carbon
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Author : George T. Wolff
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Particulate Carbon written by George T. Wolff and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Science categories.
This book contains the papers and discussions from the symposium, "PARTICU LATE CARBON: Atmospheric Life Cycle," held at the General Motors Research Laboratories on October 13-14, 1980. This symposium, which focused on atmospheric particulate elemental carbon, or soot, was the twenty-fifth in this series sponsored by the General Motors Research Laboratories. The present symposium volume contains discussions of the following aspects of particulate elemental carbon (EC): the atmos pheric life cycle of EC including sources, sinks, and transport processes, the role of EC in atmospheric chemistry and optics, the possible role of EC in altering climate, and measurement techniques as well as ambient concentrations in urban, rural, and remote areas. Previous symposia have covered a wide range of scientific and engineering subjects. Topics are selected because they are new or represent rapidly changing fields and are of significant technical importance. It is ironic that the study of particulate elemental carbon or soot should meet the above criteria for selection because soot, especially from coal and wood combustion, has been a recognized air pollutant for centuries. However, since the 1950s, when intense efforts to study air pollution were initiated, to until a few years ago, the role of elemental carbon in the atmosphere was largely ignored. The major reason for this was the lack of a suitable measurement technique.
Black Carbon In The Environment
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Author : Edward D. Goldberg
language : en
Publisher: Wiley-Interscience
Release Date : 1985
Black Carbon In The Environment written by Edward D. Goldberg and has been published by Wiley-Interscience this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1985 with Science categories.
New York : J. Wiley, 1985.
Energy Research Abstracts
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1981
Energy Research Abstracts written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1981 with Power resources categories.
Energy Research Abstracts
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1981
Energy Research Abstracts written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1981 with Power resources categories.
Semiannual, with semiannual and annual indexes. References to all scientific and technical literature coming from DOE, its laboratories, energy centers, and contractors. Includes all works deriving from DOE, other related government-sponsored information, and foreign nonnuclear information. Arranged under 39 categories, e.g., Biomedical sciences, basic studies; Biomedical sciences, applied studies; Health and safety; and Fusion energy. Entry gives bibliographical information and abstract. Corporate, author, subject, report number indexes.
Estimating Global Black Carbon Emissions Using A Top Down Kalman Filter Approach
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Author : Jason Blake Cohen
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2014
Estimating Global Black Carbon Emissions Using A Top Down Kalman Filter Approach written by Jason Blake Cohen and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014 with categories.
Black carbon (BC) is an important aerosol constituent in the atmosphere and climate forcer. A good understanding of the radiative forcing of BC and associated climate feedback and response is critical to minimize the uncertainty in predicting current and future climate influenced by anthropogenic aerosols. One reason for this uncertainty is that current emission inventories of BC are mostly obtained from the so-called bottom-up approach, an approach that derives emissions based on categorized emitting sources and emission factors used to convert burning mass to emissions. In this work, we provide a first global-scale top-down estimation of global BC emissions, as well as an estimated error range, by using a Kalman Filter. This method uses data of both column aerosol absorption optical depth and surface concentrations from global and regional networks to constrain our fully coupled climate-aerosol-urban model and thus to derive an optimized estimate of BC emissions as 17.8±5.6 Tg/yr, a factor of more than 2 higher than commonly used global BC emissions data sets. We further perform 22 additional optimization simulations that incorporate the known uncertain ranges of various important physical, model, and measurement parameters and still yield an optimized value within the above given range, from a low of 14.6 Tg/yr to a high of 22.2 Tg/yr. Furthermore, we show that the emissions difference between our optimized and a priori estimation is not uniform, with East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Eastern Europe underestimated, while North America is overestimated in the a priori inventory.
Traffic Related Air Pollution
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Author : Haneen Khreis
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2020-08-20
Traffic Related Air Pollution written by Haneen Khreis and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-08-20 with Transportation categories.
Traffic-Related Air Pollution synthesizes and maps TRAP and its impact on human health at the individual and population level. The book analyzes mitigating standards and regulations with a focus on cities. It provides the methods and tools for assessing and quantifying the associated road traffic emissions, air pollution, exposure and population-based health impacts, while also illuminating the mechanisms underlying health impacts through clinical and toxicological research. Real-world implications are set alongside policy options, emerging technologies and best practices. Finally, the book recommends ways to influence discourse and policy to better account for the health impacts of TRAP and its societal costs. Overviews existing and emerging tools to assess TRAP’s public health impacts Examines TRAP’s health effects at the population level Explores the latest technologies and policies--alongside their potential effectiveness and adverse consequences--for mitigating TRAP Guides on how methods and tools can leverage teaching, practice and policymaking to ameliorate TRAP and its effects
South Africans In Australia
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 19??
South Africans In Australia written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 19?? with Printed ephemera categories.
The ephemera collection contains documents of everyday life generally covering publications of fewer than five pages. These may include: advertising material, area guides, booklets, brochures, samples of merchandise postcards, posters, programs, stickers and tickets.
Integrated Air Quality Management
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Author : Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2012-07-05
Integrated Air Quality Management written by Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-07-05 with Law categories.
The steady growth in the number of vehicles on the road, heavy reliance on coal, use of dirty fuels for residential combustion, and extensive open burning are some of the major factors leading to the progressive deterioration of air quality in developing countries in Asia. And despite efforts to establish and implement air quality measurement syste