Regulation Of Cytokine Expression During The Inflammatory Process
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Regulation Of Cytokine Expression During The Inflammatory Process
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Author : Julia Yung Lee
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2002
Regulation Of Cytokine Expression During The Inflammatory Process written by Julia Yung Lee and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002 with categories.
Monocytes and macrophages respond to bacterial components as a part of the innate immune response to fight off pathogenic infections. Various biologically active cytokines are produced to mediate the inflammatory process and stimulate a cascade of inflammatory mediators. A microenvironment is maintained to activate cells, clear pathogens, and contain the area of infection. We examine specifically two pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). The inappropriate or excessive production of these cytokines results in tissue damage and has implications in chronic inflammation and autoimmune diseases. TNF-alpha potently stimulates the production of other cytokines and adhesion molecules. It recruits other inflammatory cells and upregulates the adaptive immune response. We explore how TNF-alpha production is regulated by two mechanisms. We find that chromatin structures in the promoter region of the TNF-alpha gene are altered with maturation. In vitro human monocytic cell lines representing different stages of maturation demonstrate increasing histone H3 acetylation with increasing maturation. Primary human monocytes and macrophages also show similar phenomena. Increasing acetylation of histone H3 is associated with increasing responsiveness to stimulation. Another aspect of TNF-alpha gene regulation is examined from the perspective of signaling pathways initiated by IFN-gamma and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We investigate how IFN-gamma may be able to potentiate the LPS-inducible TNF-alpha production in monocytes and determine that this occurred at the level of transcription. We also assess the role of IFN-gamma in pathogenesis of the autoimmune disease, systemic lupus erythematosus. Specifically, a dinucleotide repeat polymorphism in the first intron of the human IFN-gamma gene is associated with specific disease manifestations. Understanding how cytokines in the inflammatory process are regulated has important clinical significance. Controlling the aberrant production of these cytokines may be used therapeutically to prevent chronic inflammation and autoimmune conditions.
Regulation Of Cytokine Gene Expression In Immunity And Diseases
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Author : Xiaojing Ma
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2016-10-12
Regulation Of Cytokine Gene Expression In Immunity And Diseases written by Xiaojing Ma and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-10-12 with Medical categories.
This book explores the major cytokines, such as IL-1 and IFN-γ, with respect to the regulation of their gene expression and protein production in specific immune cell types. It discusses both healthy physiological settings and in pathological situations in which the expression of some cytokines could be dysregulated, resulting in either immunodeficiency or exacerbated inflammatory sequelae in animal models as well as in human patients. Cytokines are important regulators of immune responses that require the highly coordinated participation and communication of multiple cell types. The expression of cytokines by various producer cell types is therefore carefully regulated in response to environmental cues at multiple levels: transcription, translation and posttranslational modification. Presenting cutting-edge advances in our understanding of the regulation of cytokine expression, this book is a valuable resource for anyone involved or interested in immune regulation.
Regulation Of Inflammation Its Resolution And Therapeutic Targeting
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Author : Mariagrazia Uguccioni
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2018-01-11
Regulation Of Inflammation Its Resolution And Therapeutic Targeting written by Mariagrazia Uguccioni and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-01-11 with Electronic book categories.
Inflammation is a fundamental protective mechanism and at the same time the driving force of a variety of major diseases in humans. Indeed, acute self-resolving inflammation usually plays a positive role for the host, as exemplified by infectious diseases where its positive role is well established and testified by its perception as innate immunity. On the other hand, non-resolving inflammation and consequent chronicization is a key determinant of immunopathology and clinical manifestations of most major diseases in humans. As a consequence, it is increasing appreciated that the problem with inflammation is not how often it starts, but how often it fails to resolve. Appropriate resolution of inflammatory responses, which also drives activation of tissue damage repair mechanisms and return of local tissues to homeostasis, is a necessary process for ongoing health. Interestingly, cells sustaining these processes are also key to the proinflammatory responses, and the underlying “pro-resolving” molecular pathways are triggered as part of the pro-inflammatory response. This clearly indicates resolution of inflammation as an active process requiring functional repolarization of inflammatory cells that calls our attention on the underlying molecular mechanisms. The increasing number of anti-inflammatory drugs best-sellers in the pharma market is a clear indication of the relevance of having inflammation under check; nonetheless, there is still a great need for better acting pharmacological tools for the control of inflammation. Indeed, the remarkable success of biological drugs targeting proinflammatory cytokines has indicates that tools able to block proinflammatory mediators have promising applications, but at the same time has made clear that there are intrinsic limitations to this approach which frequently vanish undermine the activity of single targeting drugs, including the well-known redundancy of inflammatory mediators. Under self-limiting conditions inflammation spontaneously resolves in an active process. Some cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in inflammation resolution have been uncovered in the recent past, and include generation of specific cytokines, apoptosis of inflammatory leukocytes, lipid mediators, macrophage repolarization and others are likely to be revealed in the next future, since loss-of-function mutations of an increasing number of genes results in the development of spontaneous inflammation in experimental animals. We argue that “pushing for“ inflammation resolution by exploiting active naturally-occurring pro-resolving processes may have significant advantages over the attempt to simply “push back” inflammation by passive blockade of proinflammatory mediators. At present the research in the field of inflammation aims at identifying and validates new molecules involved in the resolution of inflammation as a basis for the development of innovative therapeutic strategies in chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. This involves the discovery of new natural or synthetic “pro-resolving” molecules from plant and animals and the investigation of endogenous inflammation “pro-resolving” mechanisms, including atypical chemokine receptors, decoy receptors, and microRNA. An extensive effort is focused on the regulation by “pro-resolving” agents on two molecular systems of key relevance in inflammation: the chemokine system, which regulates recruitment, permanence and egress of leukocyte in tissues; and the Toll Like Receptor (TLR)/IL-1R system, which is central for the activation of infiltrating leukocytes.
Cytokine Frontiers
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Author : Takayuki Yoshimoto
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-10-28
Cytokine Frontiers written by Takayuki Yoshimoto and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-10-28 with Medical categories.
This book guides the reader through the latest research on the cytokine network, covering signaling pathways, control of the immune response, and potential therapeutics. Different cytokines stimulate diverse responses in various phases of inflammation and immunity, including the innate immune response, the generation of effector T cells, and the development of antibodies by the humoral immune system. It is now clear that the pathophysiology of many infectious, autoimmune, allergic, and malignant diseases can be largely explained by which cytokines are induced and subsequently regulate the cellular responses. In clinical medicine, cytokines are involved in a wide spectrum of diseases. This book describes in three parts the properties and roles of 15 key cytokines under physiological and pathological conditions. Part I presents nine cytokines associated with inflammatory disorders, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and the recently identified new helper T (Th) subset: Th17 cells. Part II gives details of three cytokines associated with allergic disorders, including Th2 responses and recently identified types of innate cells. Part III describes three cytokines that are associated with immunological tolerance and anti-inflammation, including regulatory T (Treg) cells, IL-10-producing Treg (Tr1) cells, and inducible IL-35-producing Treg (iTr35) cells. Cytokines are considered to be important as therapeutic targets for specific agonists or antagonists in numerous immune and inflammatory diseases. The ultimate goal of this book is to facilitate the development of therapeutic treatments for such diseases which has been limited by an insufficient understanding of the biology of cytokines and the complicated network that they create.
Cytokines And Pain
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Author : L.R. Watkins
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2013-03-08
Cytokines And Pain written by L.R. Watkins and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-03-08 with Medical categories.
Within the past few years, it has become recognized that the immune system communicates to the brain. Substances released from activated immune cells (cytokines) stimulate peripheral nerves, thereby signaling the brain and spinal cord that infection/inflammation has occurred. Additionally, peripheral infection/inflammation leads to de novo synthesis and release of cytokines within the brain and spinal cord. Thus, cytokines effect neural activation both peripherally and centrally. Through this communication pathway, cytokines such as interleukin-1, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor markedly alter brain function, physiology and behavior. One important but underrecognized aspect of this communication is the dramatic impact that immune activation has on pain modulation. The purpose of this book is to examine, for the first time, immune-to-brain communication from the viewpoint of its effect on pain processing. It is aimed both at the basic scientist and health care providers, in order to clarify the major role that substances released by immune cells play in pain modulation. This book contains chapters contributed by all of the major laboratories focused on understanding how cytokines modulate pain. These chapters provide a unique vantage point from which to examine this question, as the summarized work ranges from evolutionary approaches across diverse species, to the basics of the immune response, to the effect of cytokines on peripheral and central nervous system sites, to therapeutic potential in humans.
The Neutrophil
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Author : Marco A. Cassatella
language : en
Publisher: Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers
Release Date : 2003-01-01
The Neutrophil written by Marco A. Cassatella and has been published by Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2003-01-01 with Medical categories.
In the past, neutrophils were often reduced to their ability to release preformed mediators and kill pathogens. The present volume of Chemical Immunology and Allergy, however, offers a very broad and timely view by highlighting the versatile functions of neutrophils in inflammatory, immune and antitumoral responses. Leading investigators uncover novel aspects of neutrophils, such as their capacity to control gene expression at the transcriptional level, or respond to proinflammatory cytokines, cytokine receptor chains (gc) and endogenous anti-inflammatory lipid mediators. Further points under discussion are neutrophils presenting antigens, activating T cells, participating in chemokine networking, and producing IL-12 and other cytokines during infectious diseases. Among the most original findings presented in this publication figure the observations that neutrophils cause increased vascular permeability during acute inflammation, regulate directly the angiogenic process, and influence tumor development. A final article offers a detailed description of the molecular processes affecting neutrophil cell death and survival. Unique in its field, this valuable volume is recommended reading not only for immunologists and pathologists, but also for cell biologists, hematologists and immunobiologists.
Immune Response In The Critically Ill
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Author : John C. Marshall
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2002-01-21
Immune Response In The Critically Ill written by John C. Marshall and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2002-01-21 with Medical categories.
This book brings together basic scientists or clinicians from a variety of different backgrounds - immunology, infectious diseases or critical care - who share a common interest in understanding the changes that occur in immune responses in sepsis. It provides an up-to-date and unrivalled synthesis of current research in this rapidly developing field.
Temporal Transcriptional Regulation Of Il 10 Induced Anti Inflammatory Genes In Lps Triggered Macrophages
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Author : Tyler J. Smith
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2013
Temporal Transcriptional Regulation Of Il 10 Induced Anti Inflammatory Genes In Lps Triggered Macrophages written by Tyler J. Smith and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with Cytokines categories.
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an important anti-inflammatory cytokine acting to dampen macrophage activation during and after the immune response to microbial pathogens. During the innate immune response to gram-negative bacteria, macrophages are triggered to produce numerous pro-inflammatory mediators through Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) binding to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). IL-10 acts on these cells through the induced expression of genes that inhibit expression of select TLR-induced pro-inflammatory genes. Our understanding of the mechanisms by which cells respond to IL-10 with the anti-inflammatory response remains incomplete. Herein, I investigated the IL-10-induced transcriptional response that occurs in TLR-activated macrophages. I analyzed the kinetic profile of expression for a group of genes induced by IL-10 in a manner that depends on synergy with TLR signaling (referred to as IL-10 super-induced genes). IL-10 induces the expression of these target genes in three distinct temporal waves - first, primary response genes, followed by early secondary response genes, and then late secondary response genes. All of the IL-10 super-induced genes appear to be expressed through an increase in their transcription rate. Thus, the IL-10 anti-inflammatory response in macrophages involves specific crosstalk between IL-10 and TLR signaling leading to a transcriptional cascade of distinct waves of anti-inflammatory gene expression.
Pkr Dependent Upregulation Of Immediate Early Genes And Anti Inflammatory Cytokine Il 10
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Author : Arindam Chakrabarti
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2007
Pkr Dependent Upregulation Of Immediate Early Genes And Anti Inflammatory Cytokine Il 10 written by Arindam Chakrabarti and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007 with categories.
Abstract not available.
Pharmacology Of Cytokines
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Author : Alberto Mantovani
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
Release Date : 2000
Pharmacology Of Cytokines written by Alberto Mantovani and has been published by Oxford University Press, USA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2000 with Medical categories.
Cytokines are the "words" of immunity, serving as mediators within and outside the immune system. There is tremendous interest in their expliotation as therapeutic tools in diverse human diseases and considerable effort has been made to understand and utilize their pharmacology. This book examines this pharmacology, from developments and characterization of simple chemicals and their mechanism of action to the use of biotechnology-based approaches. The book puts cytokines and their pharmacology in context and examines their involvement in individual organ-disease systems.