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Reproduction And Development In Minor Phyla

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Reproduction And Development In Minor Phyla

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Author : T. J. Pandian
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2021-05-14

Reproduction And Development In Minor Phyla written by T. J. Pandian and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-05-14 with Science categories.

The 26 recognized minor phyla comprise aberrant clades, as most of them terminate as blind offshoots. Untied from the discussion on their phylogenesis of minor phyla, this book is largely devoted, for the first time, to aspects of reproduction and development in minor phyletics. The minor phyla are not as speciose (1,795 species/phylum) as the major phyla (157,066 species/phylum) are. The accumulation of deleterious genes causes inbreeding depression among progenies arising from parthenogenesis, clonal multiplication and selfing hermaphrodites. The reason for the limited species diversity in minor phyla is traced to (i) eutelism in 65.7% of minor phyletics and (ii) existence of 21.6% clonals, (iii) 6.4% parthenogens and (iv) 1.2% selfing hermaphroditism. Gonochorism obligately requires motility to search for a mate. The combination of low motility and gonochorism from Placozoa to hemocoelomatic minor phyla has limited diversity to

Reproduction And Development In Platyhelminthes

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Author : T. J. Pandian
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2020-01-28

Reproduction And Development In Platyhelminthes written by T. J. Pandian and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-01-28 with Science categories.

This book is a comprehensive elucidation on aspects of reproduction and development in platyhelminthes covering from acoelids to taeniids. With the unique presence of neoblasts, turbellarians serve as a model for studies on cancer and senescence. Of ~ 27,000 species, ~ 77% are parasites; they are harmful to man and his food basket from livestock and fish. The stress hormone, cortisol level is responsible for susceptibility and resistance of the host. In digeneans, the propagatory multiplication potency is retained by all the larval forms and in either direction in sporocyst. The higher clonal diversity, mixing and selection in Second Intermediate Host (SIH) may purge inbreeding depression suffered by the fluke on propagatory multiplication in First Intermediate Host (FIH). Of 12,012 digeneans, 88% may engage 33,014 potential SIH species. They have the choice to select one among the available/awaiting 3.5 host species. The motility of vertebrate host and euryxenic flexibility/scope for selection of SIH species has increased lineage diversification in digeneans. The life cycle of cestodes is divided into aquatic and terrestrial patterns. The former includes (i) oncosphere and (ii) coracidium types and the latter (iii) hexacanth-cysticercoid, (iv) hexacanth-tetrathyridium and (v) hexacanth-cysticercus types. The share for the oncosphere, coracidium and hexacanth types is 17.0, 29.5 and 46.5%, respectively. The staggering fecundity and adoption of the intermediate host in the herbivorous/insectivorous food chain have enriched Taenioidea as the most (2,264) speciose order. Sex specific genes Smed-dmd 1 and macbol have been identified, and neuropeptides and dipeptides are involved in sexualization. Trematodes are unable to parasitize elasmobranchs, as they cannot suck body fluid/blood containing a high level of urea. Relatively higher fecundity supplemented with propagatory multiplication, incorporation of SIH in 88% species, clonal selection in SIH, and euryxenic flexibility and the widest choice for selection of SIH have led to the highest lineage diversification to render digeneans as the most speciose order in Platyhelminthes.

Reproduction And Development In Crustacea

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Author : T. J. Pandian
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2016-04-05

Reproduction And Development In Crustacea written by T. J. Pandian and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-04-05 with Nature categories.

Dating back to the early Cambrian period, crustaceans had ample time to undertake endless experimentation with form and function. Today, no other group of plants or animals on the planet exhibit the range of morphological diversity seen among extant Crustacea. With more than 52,000 species, they are placed fourth in terms of overall species diversity. This book comprehensively elucidates the reproduction and development of all the taxonomic groups of Crustacea and bridges the gap between conventional zoologists and molecular biologists. Reproductive modes from the point of embryonic stem cells and primordial germ cells is discussed with a special section on cysts.

Atlas Of Invertebrate Reproduction And Development

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Author : David Bruce Conn
language : en
Publisher: Wiley
Release Date : 1991-05-31

Atlas Of Invertebrate Reproduction And Development written by David Bruce Conn and has been published by Wiley this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1991-05-31 with Science categories.

The recent explosion of research using aquacultural methods relies heavily on knowledge of reproductive and developmental strategies of target organisms such as invertebrates. Meets the growing need for a single volume which outlines the major groups of invertebrate animals with respect to these strategies. Arranged phylogenetically, it covers a variety of species in different phyla and classes. Marine, freshwater, and terrestrial species are included to provide a survey of strategies influenced by habitat and to increase its usefulness as a resource for students or professionals working with native species in different geographic areas. Major experimental models are covered, as are species frequently encountered in field collections and those which can be purchased for embryological study from biological supply companies.

Evolution And Speciation In Animals

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Author : T. J. Pandian
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2021-09-23

Evolution And Speciation In Animals written by T. J. Pandian and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-09-23 with Nature categories.

This book represents the first attempt to quantify environmental factors and life history traits that accelerate or decelerate species diversity in animals. About 15%, 8% and 77% of species are distributed in marine (70% of earth’s surface), freshwater (terra firma fosters more diversity. The harsh hadal, desert and elevated montane habitats restrict diversity to 0.5-4.2%. Costing more time and energy, osmotrophic and suspension modes of food acquisition limit diversity to Selfing hermaphrodites (0.9%), parthenogens ( Incidence of heterogamety is four-times more in males than in females. Hence, evolution is more a male-driven process. Egg size is determined by environmental factors, but lecithality is genetically fixed. In poikilotherms, sex is also determined by gene(s), but differentiation by environmental factors. The extra-ovarian vitellogenesis (> 96%), spermatozoan (81%) rather than spermatophore mechanism of sperm transfer, promiscuity and polygamy over monogamy, iteroparity (99.6%) over semelparity and internal fertilization (84%) are preferred, as they accelerate diversity. Body size and egg size determine fecundity. Indirect life cycle (82%) and incorporation of feeding larval stages accelerate diversity. Brooding and viviparity (6.4%) decelerate it. Parasitism extends life span and liberates fecundity from eutelism. Evolution is an ongoing process, and speciation and extinction are its unavoidable by-products. The in-built conservation mechanism of reviving life after a sleeping duration has been reduced from a few million years in microbial spores to a few thousand years in plant seeds and a few hundred years in dormant eggs in animals. Hence, animal conservation requires priority. The existence of temperature-resistant/insensitive individuals, strains and species shall flourish during the ongoing global warming and earth shall continue with such burgeoning species, hopefully inclusive of man.

Evolution And Speciation In Fungi And Eukaryotic Biodiversity

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Author : T. J. Pandian
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2023-10-13

Evolution And Speciation In Fungi And Eukaryotic Biodiversity written by T. J. Pandian and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-10-13 with Science categories.

Being sessiles like autotrophic plants and heterotrophics as animals, fungi are fascinating eukaryotes. In them, the need for external digestion has demanded surface expansion and limited tissues to 2/y. The mycorrhizas facilitate 85% angiosperms to acquire water and minerals, enhance productivity and fight against drought and pollutants. During the geological past, lichens have weathered rock and formed the present landscape. Only 121 fungal species excrete digestive enzymes to meet industrial demand. The beneficial fungi contribute 1,000 billion US$. Parasitic fungi cause 1.6 million human deaths and > 20% loss of commercial crops. Despite their ecological and economic importance, no university offers a degree course in Mycology. For 2,056,907 eukaryotic species, this book elaborates the role played by environmental factors (i) spatial distribution, (ii) light-temperature, (iii) precipitation-liquid water and biological attributes, (iv) cellularity, (v) symmetry, (vi) clonality, (vii) sexuality, (viii) modality and (ix) motility that either accelerate or decelerate biodiversity. About 20 and 80% eukaryotes are aquatics and terrestrials. Decreasing light intensity and temperature reduce diversity from the equator toward the polar zones. Water availability also reduces the diversity from 5.4 - 65.5 species/km2 in tropical evergreen forests to 2 in deserts and polar zones. Unicellularity and radial symmetry decelerate the diversity to 200 in mammals reduce clonality from 100 to 0%. Strategies developed by eukaryotes reduce selfing by

Reproduction And Development In Minor Phyla

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Author : T. J. Pandian
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2021-05-14

Evolution And Speciation In Protozoa

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Author : T.J. Pandian
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2023-02-24

Evolution And Speciation In Protozoa written by T.J. Pandian and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-02-24 with Science categories.

The polyphyletic Protozoa have explored the possibility of performing almost all metazoan functions with a few subcellular organelles. Their unicellularity and structural simplicity have (i) limited diversity to 32,950 species, (ii) restricted spatial distribution to aquatic habitats (94%, against 15% in Metazoa), (iii) demonstrated the ubiquitous dominance of clonality, (iv) reduced sexualization in 50% species, (v) facilitated the use of vegetative gametes in 40% species and (vi) secondary loss of sex in 10% species. With the fastest multiplication rates, i.e. once every 6-60 hours, they occur in high densities of 105-106 cell/ml. Their diverse and complicated life cycles are described in 30 types. Being risky, the cycle involves two hosts in clonality > hermaphroditism > motility. Motility ranges from 2-3 μm for Rhizopoda to 400-2,000 μm for Ciliophora. Not surprisingly, 6,800 species of arcellinids, filosians and formainifers are testated or shelled. Within 1,229 sessile species, the peritrichid and suctorian ciliates are better adapted to coloniality. Unlike those of many Metazoa, the protozoan cyst is a dynamic stage, in which clonal or sexual reproduction occurs. Over 81% protozoans encyst, as it ensures (i) 90% survival during unfavorable conditions (against 15 in 12% non-encysted protozoans), (ii) genome transfer through generations, (iii) dispersal into new habitats and (iv) transmission to new hosts. Their mean body size ranges from 2 μm to 2 mm – a range over 1,000-times – only 8% aquatic metazoans cover a similar size range. In comparison to 77% macrophagy in Metazoa, only 46% protozoans are macrophagous predators. Within motile microphagy, protozoans filter 3-2 times smaller food particle at 50% cheaper clearance cost. This efficiency has expanded microphagy to 15% in protozoans, against 3% in Metazoa. Hence, their turnover rate in trophic dynamics is twice faster than that of metazoans. Foraminifers serve as ecological sensitive indicators in petroleum exploration and rise in sea level. For the first time, incidences of clonality and meiosis as well as symbiosis and parasitism have been shown to hint at the origin and evolution of different protozoan taxonomic groups during the geological past.

Evolution And Speciation In Plants

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Author : T.J. Pandian
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2022-08-01

Evolution And Speciation In Plants written by T.J. Pandian and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-08-01 with Science categories.

Plants are autotrophs and sessile, while animals are heterotrophs and motile. Sessility has imposed on plants 94% hermaphroditism, 23% selfing, 3% polyploidization and 39% clonality, in comparison to 19 and

Invertebrate Reproduction And Development

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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1998

Invertebrate Reproduction And Development written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1998 with Invertebrates categories.

Reproduction And Development In Minor Phyla

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