Reverse Share Tenancy And Marshallian Inefficiency
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Reverse Share Tenancy And Marshallian Inefficiency
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Author : Hosaena Ghebru Hagos
language : en
Publisher: Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Release Date : 2013-05-17
Reverse Share Tenancy And Marshallian Inefficiency written by Hosaena Ghebru Hagos and has been published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-05-17 with Social Science categories.
While there are ample empirical studies that claim the potential disincentive effects of sharecropping arrangements, the existing literature is shallow in explaining why share tenancy contracts are prevalent and diffusing in many developing countries. Using a unique tenant-landlord matched dataset from the Tigray region of Ethiopia, we are able to show how the tenants strategic response to the varying economic and tenure-security status of the landlords can explain sharecroppers productivity differentials. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to use tenantlandlord matched data that accounts for both the supply (landlord) and demand (tenant) side characteristics in analyzing sharecroppers level of effort and productivity. The study reveals that sharecroppers yields are significantly lower on plots leased from landlords who are non-kin, who are female, who have lower income-generating opportunity, and who are tenure insecure than on plots leased from landlords with the opposite characteristics. While, on aggregate, the results show no significant efficiency loss on kin-operated sharecropped plots, more decomposed analyses indicate strong evidence of Marshallian inefficiency on kin-operated plots leased from landlords with weaker bargaining power and higher tenure insecurity. This study thus shows how failure to control for the heterogeneity of landowners characteristics can explain the lack of clarity in the existing empirical literature on the extent of moral hazard problems in sharecropping contracts.
The Formation Of Job Referral Networks
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Author : Antonio Stefano Caria
language : en
Publisher: Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Release Date : 2013-09-05
The Formation Of Job Referral Networks written by Antonio Stefano Caria and has been published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-09-05 with Social Science categories.
Assessment Of The Capacity Incentives And Performance Of Agricultural Extension Agents In Western Democratic Republic Of Congo
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Author : Catherine Ragasa
language : en
Publisher: Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Release Date : 2013-08-19
Assessment Of The Capacity Incentives And Performance Of Agricultural Extension Agents In Western Democratic Republic Of Congo written by Catherine Ragasa and has been published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-08-19 with Social Science categories.
Agricultural extension is critical for agricultural growth and food security, but making the extension system effective, demand driven, and responsive to the needs of a diverse set of producers remains a challenge. As part of the institutional reforms in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), the extension system is being reviewed to identify strategies and practical actions to transform the system to better respond to the knowledge needs in a rapidly changing agriculture and food sector. This paper provides an in-depth review of the agricultural extension system of DRC including an analysis of its policies and legal framework, organization, and management; links to critical institutions; and capacity and incentive of different actors in the system. This review involved document analyses, interviews with key informants, and surveys of 107 extension organizations and 162 extension agents in 156 randomly selected villages in western DRC. This review suggests serious funding constraints, human resource management problems, no linkage and coordination within the extension system and with research and education systems, and a majority of underserved communities and farmers. This review also highlights a good opportunity given the huge human resources (more than 11,000 agents) deployed into the sectors and territories as part of the Ministrys agricultural inspection system. However, their mandate is not clear and they currently focus on data collection (census) and checking what farmers do and limited in extension and advisory work. This review highlights the urgent need for human resource or civil service reform; public-sector commitment and funding; infrastructure rebuilding and skills upgrading in extension, education and training, and research organizations; and a unified policy or strategy with clear vision, mandate, targets, and performance-based incentive system.
The Impact Of Alternative Input Subsidy Exit Strategies On Malawi S Maize Commodity Market
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Author : Mariam A. T. J. Mapila
language : en
Publisher: Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Release Date : 2013-07-16
The Impact Of Alternative Input Subsidy Exit Strategies On Malawi S Maize Commodity Market written by Mariam A. T. J. Mapila and has been published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-07-16 with Social Science categories.
This study has been conducted in order to generate evidence of the visibility of exit from farm input subsidies in an African context. The study simulates the impact of alternative exit strategies from Malawis farm input subsidy program on maize markets. The simulation is conducted using a multiequation partial equilibrium model of the national maize market, which is sequentially linked via a price-linkage equation to local rural maize markets. The model accounts for market imperfections prevailing in the country that arise from government price interventions. Findings show that some alternative exit strategies have negative and sustained impacts on maize yields, production, and acreage allocated to maize over the simulation period. Market prices rise steadily as a result of the implementation of different exit strategies. Despite higher maize prices, domestic maize consumption remains fairly stable, with a slow but increasing trend over the simulation period. Results further suggest that exit strategies that are coupled with improvements in agricultural extension services have the potential to offset the negative impacts of the removal or scaling down of agricultural input subsidies. The study findings demonstrate the difficulty of feasibly removing farm input subsidies. Study recommendations are therefore relevant for policymakers and development partners debating removal or implementation of farm input subsidies.
Welfare And Poverty Impacts Of India S National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme
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Author : Klaus Deininger
language : en
Publisher: Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Release Date : 2013-09-13
Welfare And Poverty Impacts Of India S National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme written by Klaus Deininger and has been published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-09-13 with Social Science categories.
Indias National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS) is one of the largest public works programs globally. Understanding the impacts of NREGS and the pathway through which its impacts are realized thus has important policy implications. We use a three-round 4,000-household panel from Andhra Pradesh together with administrative data to explore short- and medium-term poverty and welfare effects of NREGS. Triple difference estimates suggest that participants significantly increase consumption (protein and energy intake) in the short run and accumulate more nonfinancial assets in the medium term. Direct benefits exceed program-related transfers and are most pronounced for scheduled castes and tribes and households supplying casual labor. Asset creation via program-induced land improvements is consistent with a medium-term increase in assets by nonparticipants and increases in wage income in excess of program cost.
Agriculture And Adaptation In Bangladesh
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Author : Timothy S. Thomas
language : en
Publisher: Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Release Date : 2013-07-29
Agriculture And Adaptation In Bangladesh written by Timothy S. Thomas and has been published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-07-29 with Social Science categories.
Bangladesh is extremely vulnerable to the impact of climate change because it is a low-lying, flat country subject to both riverine flooding and sea level rise, and because a large portion of its population is dependent on agriculture for its livelihood. The goal of this research was to examine the likely impacts of climate change on agriculture in Bangladesh, and develop recommendations to policymakers to help farmers adapt to the changes. In this study, we use climate data from four general circulation models (GCMs) to evaluate the impact of climate change on agriculture in Bangladesh by 2050. We use the DSSAT (Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer) crop modeling software to evaluate crop yields, first for the 1950 to 2000 period (actual climate) and then for the climates given by the four GCMs for 2050. We evaluate crop yields at 1,789 different points in Bangladesh, using a grid composed of roughly 10 kilometer (km) squares, for 8 different crops in 2000 and 2050. For each crop, we search for the best cultivar (variety) at each square, rather than limiting our analysis to a single variety for all locations. We also search for the best planting month in each square. In addition, we explore potential gains in changing fertilizer levels and in using irrigation to compensate for rainfall changes. This analysis indicates that when practiced together, using cultivars better suited for climate change and adjusting planting dates can lessen the impacts of climate change on yields, especially for rice, and in some cases actually result in higher yields. In addition, the analysis shows that losses in yield due to climate change can be compensated for, for many crops, by increasing the availability of nitrogen in the soil. Moreover, we used a household survey to collect information on the incidence of climatic shocks in the last five years and adaptation options. The survey was conducted from December 2010 to February 2011, covering data from the previous production year. The results confirm that Bangladesh farmers already perceive the impacts of climate change. In particular, the survey results indicate that of all climate changerelated shocks, floods, waterlogging, and river erosion caused the largest loss to rice production. Farmers in our survey lost around 12 percent of their harvest, on average, to some kind of shock, with about half of that attributable to flooding-related issues. The second leading cause of rice crop loss was pests, responsible for around 3 percent of production. Taken together, the results indicate that adaptation efforts in Bangladesh should include adjusting planting dates, using improved cultivars better suited for climate change, improving fertilizer application, exploring increased maize production, and bolstering flood and pest protection for farmers.
Links Between Tenure Security And Food Security
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Author : Hosaena Ghebru Hagos
language : en
Publisher: Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Release Date : 2013-09-13
Links Between Tenure Security And Food Security written by Hosaena Ghebru Hagos and has been published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-09-13 with Social Science categories.
While numerous studies exist that evaluate the impacts of land reform on household investment behavior, land productivity, and land rental market activities, the literature is thin in terms of showing the direct food securities impacts of land tenure reforms. This study, thus, uses five rounds of household panel data from Tigray, Ethiopia, collected in the period 19982010 to assess the impacts of a land registration and certification program that aimed to strengthen tenure security and how it has contributed to increased food availability and thus food security in this food-deficit region. Our first survey took place just a year before the intervention (the land certification program). Our panel data in combination with the years of certificate ownership variable allow us to assess the dynamic impacts on food (calorie) availability of strengthened tenure security. Anthropometric data also allow us to assess potential child nutrition impacts of the reform 812 years after its implementation. Results show that land certification appears to have contributed to enhanced calorie availability (calorie intake), and more so for female-headed households, either through enhanced land rental market participation or increased investment and productivity on owner-operated land. Results also show that members of households that accessed additional land through the land rental market had a significantly higher body mass index. Though results show that land rental market participation is enhancing production efficiency, high transaction costs in that market suggest there are still unrealized gains from trade. Thus, the recent restrictive regional land law that allows for only short-term rental contracts and does not allow more than 50 percent of land to be rented out may threaten future tenure security and may undermine the benefits from the existing tenure reform.
Tenancy Relations In Backward Agriculture
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Author : Pravat Kumar Kuri
language : en
Publisher: Mittal Publications
Release Date : 2004
Tenancy Relations In Backward Agriculture written by Pravat Kumar Kuri and has been published by Mittal Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004 with Business & Economics categories.
Attempts To Explore The Typical Tenancy Contractsin Rural Assam A Subject That Has Remained Understudied. Contains 8 Chapters-Appendices, Bibliography And An Index.
Reasserting The Rural Development Agenda
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Author : Arsenio Molina Balisacan
language : en
Publisher: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies
Release Date : 2007
Reasserting The Rural Development Agenda written by Arsenio Molina Balisacan and has been published by Institute of Southeast Asian Studies this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Presents a reinvigorated agenda on agricultural and rural development in Asia both for research and policy discussions in the coming decades.
Efficiency And Productivity Differential Effects Of Land Certification Program In Ethiopia
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Author : Hosaena Ghebru Hagos
language : en
Publisher: Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Release Date : 2013-11-01
Efficiency And Productivity Differential Effects Of Land Certification Program In Ethiopia written by Hosaena Ghebru Hagos and has been published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-11-01 with Social Science categories.
security effects (investment effects) and through more efficient input use due to enhanced tradability of the land (factor intensity effect), empirical studies on the size and magnitude of these effects are very scarce. Taking advantage of a unique quasi-experimental survey design, this study analyzes the productivity impacts of the Ethiopian land certification program by identifying how the investment effects (technological gains) would measure up against the benefits from any improvements in input use intensity (technical efficiency). For this purpose, we adopted a data envelopment analysisbased Malmquist-type productivity index to decompose productivity differences into (1) within-group farm efficiency differences, reflecting the technical efficiency effect, and (2) differences in the group production frontier, reflecting the long-term investment (technological) effects. The results show that farms without a land use certificate are, on aggregate, less productive than those with formalized use rights. We found no evidence to suggest this productivity difference is due to inferior technical efficiency. Rather, the reason is down to technological advantages, or a favorable investment effect, from which farm plots with a land use certificate benefit when evaluated against farms not included in the certification program. The low level of within-group efficiency of farms in each group reinforces the argument that certification programs need to be accompanied by complementary measures such as an improved financial and legal institutional framework in order to achieve the promised effects.