Reviving Fiscal Citizenship

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Reviving Fiscal Citizenship

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Author : Ajay K. Mehrotra
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2015

Reviving Fiscal Citizenship written by Ajay K. Mehrotra and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015 with categories.

In recent years, numerous lawmakers, policy analysts, and scholars have been decrying the many defects of the present U.S. income tax system. Few have attempted to defend our return-based mass income tax. This essay reviews Learning to Love Form 1040, Lawrence Zelenak's stirring and persuasive defense of a simplified version of our present federal income tax system. In contrast to the conventional economic critiques, Zelenak explores the underappreciated social, cultural, and political benefits of a return-based, mass income tax. Chief among these, he argues, is the existing regime's potential to raise the tax consciousness of the average citizen and to enhance modern notions of fiscal citizenship. In addition to reviewing the central claims and findings of Learning to Love Form 1040, this essay argues that, like most provocative texts, this book is not the final word on U.S. tax reform. In the process of starting an important conversation, Zelenak leaves open several significant issues. After assessing the book's evidentiary base, particularly its historical claims about the World War II origins of the U.S. mass income tax and changing American attitudes towards taxation, this essay turns to Zelenak's specific reform proposals and highlights some of the missed opportunities. Finally, the review concludes by contending that Zelenak's original and inspiring defense of the income tax is a uniquely early twenty-first-century project - one that at times wistfully reflects on an earlier age to show how we can revive a robust and pragmatic sense of fiscal citizenship.

Taxing Nomads

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Author : Reuven S. Avi-Yonah
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2022

Taxing Nomads written by Reuven S. Avi-Yonah and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022 with categories.

The COVID pandemic and the rise of zooming has increased the ability of many people (primarily the rich) to work remotely. This in turn has led to more people moving to other countries to benefit from the ability to work remotely while enjoying other benefits such as lower housing prices, a more leisurely lifestyle, and in some cases greater political stability. Many Americans have used their newfound freedom to move overseas, e.g., to Italy. They and others like them are the new nomads. Such a move is not tax motivated because Italy has higher personal tax rates than the US. It does, however, raise interesting tax issues because the US (uniquely) imposes worldwide taxation on its citizens wherever they live, while Italy (like most countries) does not tax non-resident citizens but taxes its residents on worldwide income regardless of their citizenship status.The question is whether the US or the Italian regime is preferable in a world in which rich people can freely choose their residence jurisdiction regardless of their citizenship. Most of the literature (including my own) condemns the US approach as a historical anachronism and accepts the Italian approach as obvious. But this question requires reconsideration under changing conditions.The tax policy choice (whether a country should tax non-resident citizens or non-citizen residents on global income) raises issues that would have been very familiar to Erwin Seligman and his colleagues on the 1923 League of Nations report. A key issue in the US debate on adopting the Sixteenth Amendment (1913) to authorize an income tax was whether federal taxes should be based on the benefits provided to the taxpayer by the government (the benefits or exchange principle) or on the taxpayer's ability to pay taxes (the ability to pay principle). Seligman was a major advocate of the ability to pay principle, and of the consequent insistence that Congress has the power to tax all income “from whatever source derived,” since all income contributes to ability to pay. The ability to pay principle was also behind the adoption of the foreign tax credit and the rejection of exemption for foreign source income in 1918. The 1923 report is based on the benefits principle (“economic allegiance”), but the insistence that the residence jurisdiction must have the right to tax the income of its residents on a worldwide basis while allowing for credits for source-based taxes is derived from the ability to pay principle.Which principle is better suited for taxing nomads? In my opinion, it is the ability to pay principle and not the benefits principle. A US citizen living permanently abroad does not derive sufficient benefits from their US passport (and may in some cases not even have one and not be aware of her US citizenship if that resulted from being born in the US). But if taxation is based on ability to pay, the relevant ability to pay is that of adult members of a political community, who get to vote and thereby determine the appropriate tax rates and the degree of progressivity of the tax rate schedule. And since US citizens abroad can vote in US elections, they should be subject to US taxes based on their ability to pay, i.e., on global income from whatever source derived.Taxation of non-citizen residents, on the other hand, should be based on the benefits principle since they do not get to vote and therefore are not members of the political community in which they reside. Therefore, Italy should only tax US citizens residing in Italy on Italian source income, which reflects the benefits conferred on them by Italy, and not on foreign source income, which does not reflect such benefits. The US should credit those Italian benefits (source) based taxes in accordance with the priority of benefits (source) over ability to pay (residence) established by the 1923 report (the “first bite at the apple” rule).The problem with this proposal, of course, is that it encourages taxpayers to obtain passports in tax havens and live permanently in other countries, and if those residence countries will only tax them on domestic source income, the result is massive under-taxation of the rich. Such “non-dom” regimes are a serious problem under current rules because countries like the UK (and many others) have adopted them to attract the rich. But there are ways to address this issue since non-dom regimes are politically unpopular and therefore ripe for legislative change in democratic countries. First, a residence country should be able to impose tax on its residents on worldwide income if the country of citizenship does not do so at all. Second, while the country of citizenship should be able to impose any non-zero tax rate it wants on its citizens (that is the point of taxation based on voting in a democratic political community), that choice should be respected by the country of residence only if the citizenship is meaningful, i.e., if the resident non-citizen has real links to their country of citizenship and not just a nominal passport (under the well-established Nottebohm test adopted by the ICJ). Finally, the country of residence should respect the primacy of the country of citizenship only if its citizens (including non-resident citizens) are given a meaningful right to vote in free and democratic elections in the country of citizenship (as determined by outside observers).Hannah Arendt defined citizenship as “the right to have rights”. In today's deglobalizing world, citizenship has become more important than ever because an increasing number of people (refugees) are effectively stateless and do not have either diplomatic protection or the right of abode in their country of citizenship. In addition, the ability to work remotely has significantly increased the ability of the rich to move permanently to other countries without obtaining citizenship rights and obligations. In this context, I believe the US approach of taxing its citizens on global income regardless of where they live is justified by the ability to pay principle (but not by the benefits principle), and that the current practice of the US and most countries to tax non-citizen residents on global income is not justified (within the limits of the anti-avoidance rules outlined above). This may not be a drastic change from current rules for resident non-citizens because most of them do not have foreign source income. But for those that do (like the rich nomads of the pandemic), ability to pay (citizenship) is a better basis for taxation than benefits (residence). Seligman, I believe, would have approved.

Reviving Citizen Engagement

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Author : Larry N. Gerston
language : en
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Release Date : 2014-12-11

Reviving Citizen Engagement written by Larry N. Gerston and has been published by Taylor & Francis this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2014-12-11 with Political Science categories.

Whereas our nation was once united in purpose, today it is bitterly divided. Why? Racial discrimination, diminishing educational opportunities, poor economic mobility, greedy corporations, and an unresponsive federal government have combined to create two Americas. Presented in Gerston‘s characteristic, no-holds-barred style of wit and candor, Revi

International Tax Policy

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Author : Tsilly Dagan
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2017-12-14

International Tax Policy written by Tsilly Dagan and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-12-14 with Business & Economics categories.

Explains why perfecting, rather than curbing, interstate competition would make international taxation both more efficient and more just.

Restoring Fiscal Sanity 2007

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Author : Alice M. Rivlin
language : en
Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield
Release Date : 2007-11-01

Restoring Fiscal Sanity 2007 written by Alice M. Rivlin and has been published by Rowman & Littlefield this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-11-01 with Medical categories.

Exceeding $2 trillion annually, health care spending in the United States is growing significantly faster than the national economy. If left unchecked, this health spending crisis will threaten Americans' ability to pay for other essential services. Driven primarily by the cost of benefits promised to seniors under Medicare and Medicaid, federal health expenditures will force lawmakers to make stark policy decisions. In this third volume of Restoring Fiscal Sanity, policy experts suggest ways to slow the growth of federal spending on health care. Unless federal health spending can be brought under control, Americans will face substantially higher taxes, sharp reductions in other government programs, and cuts in benefits to the elderly. Families, businesses, and communities will be forced to make agonizing choices between health care and other needs. Focusing on policies that do not shift costs to the states or the private sector, the authors of Restoring Fiscal Sanity 2007 suggest reforms in federal programs that have the potential to reduce the growth of spending for the entire health system, increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the care provided, and enhance health outcomes. Drawing on years of government and public policy experience, they stress the need for innovative approaches and cooperation between the private and public sectors.

Financial Citizenship

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Author : Annelise Riles
language : en
Publisher: Cornell University Press
Release Date : 2018-07-15

Financial Citizenship written by Annelise Riles and has been published by Cornell University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-07-15 with Business & Economics categories.

Government bailouts; negative interest rates and markets that do not behave as economic models tell us they should; new populist and nationalist movements that target central banks and central bankers as a source of popular malaise; new regional organizations and geopolitical alignments laying claim to authority over the global economy; households, consumers, and workers facing increasingly intolerable levels of inequality: These dramatic conditions seem to cry out for new ways of understanding the purposes, roles, and challenges of central banks and financial governance more generally. Financial Citizenship reveals that the conflicts about who gets to decide how central banks do all these things, and about whether central banks are acting in everyone’s interest when they do them, are in large part the product of a culture clash between experts and the various global publics that have a stake in what central banks do. Experts—central bankers, regulators, market insiders, and their academic supporters—are a special community, a cultural group apart from many of the communities that make up the public at large. When the gulf between the culture of those who govern and the cultures of the governed becomes unmanageable, the result is a legitimacy crisis. This book is a call to action for all of us—experts and publics alike—to address this legitimacy crisis head on, for our economies and our democracies.

The Leap Of Faith

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Author : Sven H. Steinmo
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2018-08-14

The Leap Of Faith written by Sven H. Steinmo and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-08-14 with Political Science categories.

This is an open access title available under the terms of a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International licence. It is free to read at Oxford Scholarship Online and offered as a free PDF download from OUP and selected open access locations. Why are citizens in some countries more willing to pay taxes than in other countries? This book examines the history of the relationship between citizens and their states in five countries, (Sweden, Britain, Italy, Romania, and the United States), and demonstrates how and why people in in some countries have come to trust the government with their money while in other countries they do not. The book explores the evolution of this relationship in detail, in each case showing how some governments developed the fiscal and technical capacity to tax their citizens fairly and deliver public services efficiently. In short, how and why some countries became more trustworthy than others. The volume concludes by examining the implications of these five cases for developing countries today and the lessons that can be learned.

Building Tax Culture Compliance And Citizenship A Global Source Book On Taxpayer Education

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Author : OECD
language : en
Publisher: OECD Publishing
Release Date : 2015-06-30

Building Tax Culture Compliance And Citizenship A Global Source Book On Taxpayer Education written by OECD and has been published by OECD Publishing this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-06-30 with categories.

This sourcebook captures innovative strategies in 28 countries in order to provide ideas and inspiration to revenue authorities in developing countries with regards to taxpayer education, literacy and outreach to strengthen the tax morale and tax compliance of their citizens.

Tax Law And Social Norms In Mandatory Palestine And Israel

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Author : Assaf Likhovski
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2017-07-14

Tax Law And Social Norms In Mandatory Palestine And Israel written by Assaf Likhovski and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-07-14 with Business & Economics categories.

This book analyzes the role of law and social norms in fostering tax compliance in British-ruled Palestine and modern Israel.

Sustainable Financial Innovation

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Author : Karen Wendt
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2018-12-12

Sustainable Financial Innovation written by Karen Wendt and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-12-12 with Business & Economics categories.

Innovations and consequently future-fitness must form new models and address existing hurdles and new forms of collaborations. They must enable faster innovation cycles and "intelligence mining" by combining open and closed source systems, organic communities, open space techniques and cross-fertilization. Innovations must apply to and integrate incubation and acceleration networks. This book explores new concepts for future-fitness with five capitals: financial, ecological, social/cultural, human/personal, and manufactured/technological. It offers a new integral framework bringing researchers and business leaders together in one volume.