Rock Avalanches On Glaciers
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Rock Avalanches On Glaciers
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Author : Daniel Shugar
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2011
Rock Avalanches On Glaciers written by Daniel Shugar and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with Debris avalanches categories.
This thesis examines relations between rock avalanches and the glaciers on which they are deposited. I have attempted to understand a geophysical phenomenon from two viewpoints: sedimentology and glaciology. The contributions are both methodological, and practical. I have used a GIS to quantify debris sheet geomorphology. A thorough characterization of rock avalanche debris is a necessary step in understanding the flow mechanics of large landslide. I have also developed a technique for solving radar interferometry phase unwrapping problems. A digital elevation model created using this technique is used to quantify the velocity of a glacier prior to its disturbance by landslides. Three debris sheets on Black Rapids Glacier, Alaska, have coarse blocky rims. Longitudinal flowbands in these debris sheets, as well as in a debris sheet deposited on Sherman Glacier, Alaska, separate bands of different block size. Elongated blocks are parallel to flow, except at the perimeter of the debris sheets, where they are aligned nearly perpendicular to flow. Blocks on Sherman Glacier have been reoriented by glacier flow since the landslide in 1964. The matrix of all four debris sheets does not systematically change with depth or distance from the source. However, Sherman Glacier debris has become coarser due to weathering. Black Rapids Glacier surged in 1936-1937. Between 1949 and 1995, the glacier gradually returned to a pre-surge hypsometry. Maximum elevation changes along the glacier centerline in the ablation and accumulation areas, are, respectively, -249 m (-5.4 m a-1) and +63 m (+1.4 m a-1). Centerline thickening of +62 m (+1.4 m a-1), just above the Loket tributary in the upper part of the ablation zone, indicates dynamic thickening following the surge. The response of Black Rapids Glacier to the rock avalanches is spatially and temporally complex. Increases in measured and modelled surface velocity across the debris sheets are much greater than velocities observed higher on the glacier. The velocity recorded at the downglacier margin of the debris doubled between 2002 and 2004, resulting in a reversed velocity gradient. The changes in ice dynamics are related to the landslides through the effect of debris insulation on mass balance.
Rock Avalanches
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Author : O. Adrian Pfiffner
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2021-04-07
Rock Avalanches written by O. Adrian Pfiffner and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-04-07 with Science categories.
Rock Avalanches On Glaciers
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Author : Natalya Victorovna Reznichenko
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2012
Rock Avalanches On Glaciers written by Natalya Victorovna Reznichenko and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012 with Glaciers categories.
Effects Of The March 1964 Alaska Earthquake On Glaciers
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Author : Austin Post
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1967
Effects Of The March 1964 Alaska Earthquake On Glaciers written by Austin Post and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1967 with Alaska Earthquake, Alaska, 1964 categories.
Rockslides And Avalanches
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Author : Barry Voight
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1978
Rockslides And Avalanches written by Barry Voight and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1978 with Avalanches categories.
The Sherman Glacier Rock Avalanche Of 1964
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Author : Maurice James McSaveney
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1975
The Sherman Glacier Rock Avalanche Of 1964 written by Maurice James McSaveney and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1975 with Earthquakes categories.
Rock Glaciers
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Author : John R. Giardino
language : en
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
Release Date : 1987-01-01
Rock Glaciers written by John R. Giardino and has been published by Taylor & Francis this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1987-01-01 with Science categories.
Landslide Hazards Risks And Disasters
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Author : Tim Davies
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2021-10-17
Landslide Hazards Risks And Disasters written by Tim Davies and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-10-17 with Science categories.
Landslide Hazards, Risks and Disasters Second Edition makes a broad but detailed examination of major aspects of mass movements and their consequences, and provides knowledge to form the basis for more complete and accurate monitoring, prediction, preparedness and reduction of the impacts of landslides on society. The frequency and intensity of landslide hazards and disasters has consistently increased over the past century, and this trend will continue as society increasingly utilises steep landscapes. Landslides and related phenomena can be triggered by other hazard and disaster processes – such as earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions and wildfires – and they can also cause other hazards and disasters, making them a complex multi-disciplinary challenge. This new edition of Landslide Hazards, Risks and Disasters is updated and includes new chapters, covering additional topics including rockfalls, landslide interactions and impacts and geomorphic perspectives. Knowledge, understanding and the ability to model landslide processes are becoming increasingly important challenges for society extends its occupation of increasingly hilly and mountainous terrain, making this book a key resource for educators, researchers and disaster managers in geophysics, geology and environmental science. Provides an interdisciplinary perspective on the geological, seismological, physical, environmental and social impacts of landslides Presents the latest research on causality, impacts and landslide preparedness and mitigation. Includes numerous tables, maps, diagrams, illustrations, photographs and video captures of hazardous processes Discusses steps for planning for and responding to landslide hazards, risks and disasters
Encyclopedia Of Planetary Landforms
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Author : Henrik Hargitai
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2015-08-15
Encyclopedia Of Planetary Landforms written by Henrik Hargitai and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-08-15 with Science categories.
The technique of the mapping of planetary surfaces and the methods used for the identification of various planetary landforms improved much in the last 400 years. Until the 20th century, telescopic observers could interpret planetary landforms solely based on their appearance, while today various data sets acquired by space probes can be used for a more detailed analysis on the composition and origin of the surface features. Before the Greeks, the Earth and the Heavens were indisputably of different origin and nature. It was a major philosophical breakthrough - first appeared as an a priori theory, later based on observations - that the Heavens (planetary bodies) and the Earth share common features: gravity, composition and solar distance may be different, but the nature of the physical processes shaping the landforms are essentially the same. It has been a long way since we have arrived from the first telescopic description of lunar craters to the identification of various geological formations on Mars or on minor planets. Relief features of the Moon have first been observed by Galileo Galilee, via his telescope. During the next centuries, a multitude of Lunar landforms have been identified. Theories based on observations have been connected together by a scientific paradigm which explained their origin in a logical and seemingly undisputable manner. Telescopes showed a Lunar surface full of circular landforms, called craters, a landscape with no parallel on Earth. But the individual landforms had a morphological equivalent, volcanoes, which naturally led to the conclusion that craters had been created by volcanic processes. Maria ("seas") served as natural basins for water bodies. Observations clearly showed that water and air are hardly found on the Moon, the lack of clouds indicated the lack of precipitation. But the flat surface of the maria (obviously composed of marine sediments) and the meandering valleys suggested the presence of liquid water and a higher atmospheric pressure in the past - during the age of active volcanism and degassing. There were no observable active volcanic processes but some craters (though to be volcanoes) have been observed as being active: flashes of light - interpreted as eruptions - have been reported by several observers. The presence of pyroclasts thrown out from the volcanic vents of craters provided an independent evidence: meteor showers and individual meteorites falling from the sky - originating from Lunar craters. The logical and interconnected set of explanations based on observations proved to be completely false by the second half of the 20th century. The new paradigm interpreted the very same features in a new context. The case of Mars was different. There were no telescopes capable of observing relief forms (no shadows on Mars are visible from the Earth, because Mars always shows a nearly full Mars phase), so only albedo features could be seen and used for interpretation. The lack of visible relief features were interpreted as a lack of considerable topography: an unnoticed distortion in the observational data. The hue and contrast of dark and bright, orange, grey and white spots have changed seasonally, the polar areas clearly showed a polar cap made of ice and snow, but clouds have not been observed. Since Mars is farther away from the Sun than the Earth, it was evident that temperature values are lower there. Scientists concluded that Mars is an ancient, arid world. Then contemporary geology taught the theory according to which waters on the Earth are going to infiltrate underground in time, making the surface dry - observations showed that this had already happened on Mars. The last surface reservoirs of water were the polar caps. Some observers reported seeing a global network of linear features, but other have only seen very few of such albedo markings. These features were interpreted as "canals," made by a civilization for irrigation, carrying water from the poles to all around the flat plains of Mars. What was observable from the Earth were the broad stripes of irrigated vegetation (like those along the Nile), the canals themselves were too narrow to be visible from here. All theories converged - supposing that the features seen by some, but not seen by others, were real. There was no chance for verification until spacecrafts have been developed which were able to make local observations. Instead of canals, the first pictures returned revealed a surface full of craters - a landform not expected by anyone. A paradigm shift was needed to explain the features of the "new" Mars. On the Moon, features were observable, but the interpretation was wrong. On Mars, only blurred albedo markings could be observed, along with sharp lines of imagination, which again were interpreted falsely. In the case of Venus, there was no data on surface features. Only its bright cloud top could be observed from the Earth. But this fact along with the planet's orbital parameters provided enough information for a popular view on its surface conditions: a hot world (inferred from its proximity to the Sun) and also a rainy one (from its complete cloud cover). The conclusion: Venus is a global jungle possibly with dinosaurs, like the hot and wet world of the then-discovered Mesozoic era. Our current knowledge originated from these early attempts of interpreting surface conditions and geological origin of landforms from a very little set of available data. Today we have a huge set of images and other physical data which makes it possible to create models on the inner structure and thermal history of planetary bodies. Combined data sets lead to better supported models on the formation of surface features. Today we believe that most models give reliable explanation for the origin of planetary landforms. New, higher resolution images reveal new sets of meso- and microscale landforms, while images from previously not imaged dwarf planets, satellites, asteroids and cometary nuclei show landforms never seen before. In the future exoplanets are expected to provide brand new types of relief features no predictable by our Earth-and Solar System bound imagination. There are so many different landforms on planetary surfaces that it is nearly impossible for anybody to overview all of them who does not work exactly with that certain feature type. The Encyclopedia helps with presenting the landforms in searchable, alphabetical order. The book contains more than a simple list of various features: it provides context and connections between them and point to their origin. For example sand dunes were found on Venus, Mars and Titan, fluvial valleys and shorelines are present on Mars and Titan, impact craters have many different types - all are presented and explained here. Beyond the texts, references, schematic figures, images and planetary maps accompany the description of landforms, providing a wide background for detailed analyses even for geomorphologists working in planetary science. This book is to help the reader to discover the great variety of planetary landforms.
Wonders Of The Physical World The Glacier The Iceberg The Ice Field And The Avalanche
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1875
Wonders Of The Physical World The Glacier The Iceberg The Ice Field And The Avalanche written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1875 with Avalanches categories.