Rules For Reasoning
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Rules For Reasoning
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Author : Richard E. Nisbett
language : en
Publisher: Psychology Press
Release Date : 2013-02-01
Rules For Reasoning written by Richard E. Nisbett and has been published by Psychology Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-02-01 with Psychology categories.
This book examines two questions: Do people make use of abstract rules such as logical and statistical rules when making inferences in everyday life? Can such abstract rules be changed by training? Contrary to the spirit of reductionist theories from behaviorism to connectionism, there is ample evidence that people do make use of abstract rules of inference -- including rules of logic, statistics, causal deduction, and cost-benefit analysis. Such rules, moreover, are easily alterable by instruction as it occurs in classrooms and in brief laboratory training sessions. The fact that purely formal training can alter them and that those taught in one content domain can "escape" to a quite different domain for which they are also highly applicable shows that the rules are highly abstract. The major implication for cognitive science is that people are capable of operating with abstract rules even for concrete, mundane tasks; therefore, any realistic model of human inferential capacity must reflect this fact. The major implication for education is that people can be far more broadly influenced by training than is generally supposed. At high levels of formality and abstraction, relatively brief training can alter the nature of problem-solving for an infinite number of content domains.
Reasoning With Rules
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Author : Jaap Hage
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-04-17
Reasoning With Rules written by Jaap Hage and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-04-17 with Law categories.
Rule-applying legal arguments are traditionally treated as a kind of syllogism. Such a treatment overlooks the fact that legal principles and rules are not statements which describe the world, but rather means by which humans impose structure on the world. Legal rules create legal consequences, they do not describe them. This has consequences for the logic of rule- and principle-applying arguments, the most important of which may be that such arguments are defeasible. This book offers an extensive analysis of the role of rules and principles in legal reasoning, which focuses on the close relationship between rules, principles, and reasons. Moreover, it describes a logical theory which assigns a central place to the notion of reasons for and against a conclusion, and which is especially suited to deal with rules and principles.
Following The Rules
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Author : Joseph Heath
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2008-10-16
Following The Rules written by Joseph Heath and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-10-16 with Philosophy categories.
For centuries, philosophers have been puzzled by the fact that people often respect moral obligations as a matter of principle, setting aside considerations of self-interest. In more recent years, social scientists have been puzzled by the more general phenomenon of rule-following, the fact that people often abide by social norms even when doing so produces undesirable consequences. Experimental game theorists have demonstrated conclusively that the old-fashioned picture of "economic man," constantly reoptimizing in order to maximize utility in all circumstances, cannot provide adequate foundations for a general theory of rational action. The dominant response, however, has been a slide toward irrationalism. If people are ignoring the consequences of their actions, it is claimed, it must be because they are making some sort of a mistake. In Following the Rules, Joseph Heath attempts to reverse this trend, by showing how rule-following can be understood as an essential element of rational action. The first step involves showing how rational choice theory can be modified to incorporate deontic constraint as a feature of rational deliberation. The second involves disarming the suspicion that there is something mysterious or irrational about the psychological states underlying rule-following. According to Heath, human rationality is a by-product of the so-called "language upgrade" that we receive as a consequence of the development of specific social practices. As a result, certain constitutive features of our social environment-such as the rule-governed structure of social life-migrate inwards, and become constitutive features of our psychological faculties. This in turn explains why there is an indissoluble bond between practical rationality and deontic constraint. In the end, what Heath offers is a naturalistic, evolutionary argument in favor of the traditional Kantian view that there is an internal connection between being a rational agent and feeling the force of one's moral obligations.
Rules And Reasoning
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Author : Stefania Costantini
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2017-07-03
Rules And Reasoning written by Stefania Costantini and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-07-03 with Computers categories.
This book constitutes the proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Rules and Reasoning, RuleML+RR 2017, held in London, UK, during July 2017. This is the first conference of a new series, joining the efforts of two existing conference series, namely “RuleML” (International Web Rule Symposium) and “RR” (Web Reasoning and Rule Systems). The 16 regular papers presented together with 2 keynote abstracts were carefully reviewed and selected from 29 submissions. The RR conference series has been a forum for discussion and dissemination of new results on all topics concerning Web Reasoning and Rule Systems, with an emphasis on rule-based approaches and languages. The RuleML conference series has been devoted to disseminating research, applications, languages and standards for rule technologies, with attention to both theoretical and practical developments, to challenging new ideas and industrial applications. Both series of conferences aimed at building bridges between academia and industry in the field of rules and their applications. Therefore, RuleML+RR is expected to become a leading conference for all subjects concerning theoretical advances, novel technologies, and innovative applications about knowledge representation and reasoning with rules. This new joint conference provides a valuable forum for stimulating cooperation and cross-fertilization between the many different communities focused on the research, development and applications of rule-based systems. It provides the possibility to present and discuss applications of rules and reasoning in academia, industry, engineering, business, finance, healthcare and other application areas.
Rules And Reasoning
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Author : Sotiris Moschoyiannis
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2021-12-02
Rules And Reasoning written by Sotiris Moschoyiannis and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-12-02 with Computers categories.
This book constitutes the proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Rules and Reasoning, RuleML+RR 2021, held in Leuven, Belgium, during September, 2021. This is the 5th conference of a new series, joining the efforts of two existing conference series, namely “RuleML” (International Web Rule Symposium) and “RR” (Web Reasoning and Rule Systems). The 17 full research papers presented together with 2 short technical communications papers and 2 abstracts of invited papers were carefully reviewed and selected from 39 submissions.
Reasoning With Rules And Precedents
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Author : L. Karl Branting
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2013-03-09
Reasoning With Rules And Precedents written by L. Karl Branting and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-03-09 with Computers categories.
Few areas of human expertise are so well understood that they can be completely reduced to general principles. Similarly, there are few domains in which experience is so extensive that every new problem precisely matches a previous problem whose solution is known. When neither rules nor examples are individually sufficient, problem-solving expertise depends on integrating both. This book presents a computational framework for the integration of rules and cases for analytic tasks typified by legal analysis. The book uses the framework for integrating cases and rules as a basis for a new model of legal precedents. This model explains how the theory under which a case is decided controls the case's precedential effect. The framework for integrating rules and cases is implemented in GREBE, a system for legal analysis. The book presents techniques for representing, indexing, and comparing complex cases and for converting justification structures based on rules and case into natural-language text. This book will interest researchers in artificial intelligence, particularly those involved in case-based reasoning, artificial intelligence and law, and formal models of argumentation, and to scholars in legal philosophy, jurisprudence, and analogical reasoning.
Elements Of Logical Reasoning
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Author : Jan von Plato
language : en
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Release Date : 2013
Elements Of Logical Reasoning written by Jan von Plato and has been published by Cambridge University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013 with Computers categories.
This book provides an accessible and at the same time scientifically rigorous introduction to the principles of logical reasoning.
Learning Legal Rules
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Author : Julian Webb
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
Release Date : 2019
Learning Legal Rules written by Julian Webb and has been published by Oxford University Press, USA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019 with Law categories.
Written by leading authors with extensive experience in both teaching and practice, this established and trusted title equips the student with all the techniques of legal research, analysis, and argument they will need for their law course and beyond. Holland & Webb take an engaging and practical approach with examples and exercises throughout which allow students to develop their knowledge and their reasoning skills making this an ideal text for first year students. Online resources Learning Legal Rules is accompanied by online resources, complete with 200 multiple choice questions with feedback for students.
Rules And Reasoning
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Author : Víctor Gutiérrez-Basulto
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2020-08-18
Rules And Reasoning written by Víctor Gutiérrez-Basulto and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-08-18 with Computers categories.
This book constitutes the proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Rules and Reasoning, RuleML+RR 2020, held in Oslo, Norway, during June-July 2020*. This is the 4th conference of a new series, joining the efforts of two existing conference series, namely “RuleML” (International Web Rule Symposium) and “RR” (Web Reasoning and Rule Systems). The 7 full research papers presented together with 6 short technical communications papers were carefully reviewed and selected from 30 submissions. *The conference was held virtually due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Learning Legal Rules
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Author : James Holland
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2016
Learning Legal Rules written by James Holland and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016 with Law categories.
Bringing together the theory, structure, and practice of legal reasoning in an accessible style, this book explains how to uncover and exploit the mysteries of legal materials. It draws the student into the techniques of legal analysis and argument and the operation of precedent and statutory interpretation.