Rural Income Diversification In Ethiopia Patterns Trends And Welfare Impacts
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Rural Income Diversification In Ethiopia Patterns Trends And Welfare Impacts
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Author : Abate, Gashaw Tadesse
language : en
Publisher: Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Release Date : 2023-01-03
Rural Income Diversification In Ethiopia Patterns Trends And Welfare Impacts written by Abate, Gashaw Tadesse and has been published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-01-03 with Political Science categories.
Increased diversification of rural households into the rural non-farm economy is an important driver of economic growth and structural transformation in countries like Ethiopia where the vast majority of people live in rural areas and are largely dependent on seasonal agriculture. Some of the benefits of diversification include efficient utilization of asset endowments (e.g., labor during dry season) and reduction of risks. In this study we explore the: (i) patterns and trends of diversification, (ii) drivers of diversification including the association between rainfall risk/shocks and diversification, and (iii) welfare effects of diversification during the recent decade using three rounds of representative household data from the four main regions of Ethiopia. We used Cragg’s double-hurdle model, a method that considers the two-step decision making process in diversification (i.e., participation and extent of participation), to identify the determinants of diversification and a fixed-effect and instrumental variable (IV) approaches to understand the links between diversification and household welfare. The descriptive results show that rural households generally adopt a livelihood strategy dominated by farming and that the level of diversification has been stagnant over the period of analysis considered. More importantly, the vast majority of households continue to draw a substantial share of their income from crop production, followed by livestock. The income from non-farm activities accounts only between 17 percent and 23 percent of the total income. The econometrics results show that diversification is positively associated with credit access, membership in social insurance, ownership of mobile phone, relative measure of household wealth, and population density. Conversely, access to relatively large, fertile, and irrigable land discourages diversification into non-farm activities. The analysis on the association between rainfall risks and diversification indicates that rural households use income diversification both as risk mitigation and shock coping strategy. The results on the link between income diversification and household welfare indicate a positive association between diversification and household total consumption expenditure, dietary diversity score, and housing/roof quality. In sum, the results imply the need for a deliberate effort to expand the non-farm economy so as to tap its full potential for employment generation, income growth, and welfare improvements. A starting point could be for agricultural and rural development policies and investments to go beyond promotion of cereal crop production and facilitate participation in high value crop, livestock, aquaculture production. Incentivizing investments in value addition activities that can create and enrich upward and downward linkages in the midstream segment of agricultural value chains is another potential avenue to boost rural non-farm economy.
Rural Income Diversification In Ethiopia
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Author : Gashaw Tadesse Abate
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2022
Rural Income Diversification In Ethiopia written by Gashaw Tadesse Abate and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022 with categories.
Agricultural Intensification In Ethiopia Patterns Trends And Welfare Impacts
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Author : Berhane, Guush
language : en
Publisher: Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Release Date : 2022-12-30
Agricultural Intensification In Ethiopia Patterns Trends And Welfare Impacts written by Berhane, Guush and has been published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022-12-30 with Political Science categories.
Ethiopia has made substantial efforts in the last three decades to increase agricultural productivity through modern input intensification and stimulate overall economic growth. Despite the high growth rates in recent decade, Ethiopia’s overall intensification and yield levels remained below what is considered optimal. This study examines the patterns, trends, and drivers of agricultural intensification and productivity growth during the recent decade (2012 - 2019) using three rounds of representative household data collected from the four main agriculturally important regions of the country. The descriptive results indicate a positive trend in both the adoption rate and intensity of inputs and output, albeit from a low base compared to other contexts and with considerable heterogeneity by access to information, rainfall levels and variability, labor, soil quality, remoteness, among others. The econometric results show significant association between intensification, yield growth, household dietary diversity (a proxy measure for food and nutrition security), and consumer durables. However, the results on the association between current yield levels and per capita consumption expenditures are mixed (i.e., while an increase in cereal yield only improve food consumption expenditures, an increase in cash crops yield mainly improve non-food consumption expenditures). In sum, while the increasing input intensification and the resulting yield gains are associated with improvement in household diets and consumer durables, it falls short to have strong impact on incomes (as measured by total consumption expenditures), indicating that more efforts have to be made to see meaningful impacts on higher order outcomes. Additional welfare improving productivity gains through increased input intensifications may require investments to put in place appropriate fertilizer blends linked with localized soil nutrient requirements, investments to generate locally suited improved seeds and appropriate mechanisms to reach farmers, ways to mitigate production (rainfall) risk, and investments to remodel Ethiopia’s extension system to provided much needed technical support to farmers on production methods.
Agricultural Intensification In Ethiopia
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Author : Guush Berhane
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2022
Agricultural Intensification In Ethiopia written by Guush Berhane and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2022 with categories.
Changing Farm Sizes And Farmers Demographics In Ethiopia
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Author : Bachewe, Fantu Nisrane
language : en
Publisher: Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Release Date : 2023-05-12
Changing Farm Sizes And Farmers Demographics In Ethiopia written by Bachewe, Fantu Nisrane and has been published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-05-12 with Political Science categories.
Important changes in farms and farm demographics are noted in Ethiopia since 2004/05. These changes have important implications on discussions of the future of Ethiopian agriculture. Comparing the national agricultural sample survey of the Ethiopian Statistical Services (ESS) data between 2004/05 and 2016/17, we find that: (1) Average farm sizes of smallholders declined by more than 10 percent over the decade, from 1.2 to 0.9 hectares; the decline in farm sizes of female headed households is more pronounced at over 21 percent, (2) Farmers are becoming older: the share of Ethiopian farmers under 35 declined from 36 to 30 percent, (3) The youth have smaller and declining farm sizes, declining from 0.9 to 0.8 hectares, (4) Rental markets are becoming more important, with 12 percent of crop land being rented in at the end of the period; especially the youth rely more on rental markets to access land, with 20 percent of their land rented in, and (5) Education levels are rapidly increasing, with the share of illiterate youth farmers declining from 56 to 30 percent. This has important implications for the future of Ethiopian agriculture and the overall economy.
Patterns Of Rural Development And Impact On Employment And Incomes
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Author : J. D. Rogers
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1985
Patterns Of Rural Development And Impact On Employment And Incomes written by J. D. Rogers and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1985 with Agriculture and state categories.
ILO pub-WEP pub-JASPA pub. Report on rural development trends (1970s-1980s) and the impact on rural employment and income in Ethiopia - examines the rural economy, agricultural production (crops and livestock), land tenure, land ownership, rural urban disparity, rural population, labour force, unemployment and rural migration; discusses rural area development policies, land reform, rural cooperatives, agricultural cooperatives, educational policies, the educational system and literacy. References, statistical tables.
Income Diversification In Zimbabwe
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Author : Lire Ersado
language : en
Publisher: World Bank Publications
Release Date : 2006
Income Diversification In Zimbabwe written by Lire Ersado and has been published by World Bank Publications this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with Income categories.
"The author examines, taking into account the urban-rural divides, the changes and welfare implications of income diversification in Zimbabwe following macroeconomic policy changes and droughts of the early 1990s. Data from two comparable national income, consumption and expenditure surveys in 1990-91 and 1995-96, which straddled a period of economic volatility and natural disasters, show that the percentage of households earning income from private and informal sources grew considerably, while that from government and formal sources declined in the aftermath of the drought and policy changes. The author finds that, in general, rural households tend to have a more diversified portfolio of income compared with their urban counterparts, and the degree of diversification decreases with the level of urbanization. However, there are important differences in the level of diversification within the rural and urban areas depending on wealth: While the relatively better-off households have a more diversified income base in rural areas, it is the poor who pursue multiple income sources in urban areas. A decomposition of changes in welfare indicates that the total contribution of income diversification is large and increased between 1990-91 and 1995-96 in both urban and rural areas. On the other hand, there were significant declines in returns to human and physical capital assets during the same period. The findings suggest that households with a more diversified income base are better able to withstand the unfavorable impacts of the policy and weather shocks. The fact that relatively better-off households have a more diversified income base following the shocks implies that the poor are more vulnerable to economic changes unaccompanied by well-designed safety nets. "--World Bank web site.
Ethiopia S Agrifood System Past Trends Present Challenges And Future Scenarios
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Author : Dorosh, Paul A., ed.
language : en
Publisher: Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Release Date : 2020-09-14
Ethiopia S Agrifood System Past Trends Present Challenges And Future Scenarios written by Dorosh, Paul A., ed. and has been published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-09-14 with Political Science categories.
Ethiopia has experienced impressive agricultural growth and poverty reduction, stemming in part from substantial public investments in agriculture. Yet, the agriculture sector now faces increasing land and water constraints along with other challenges to growth. Ethiopia’s Agrifood System: Past Trends, Present Challenges, and Future Scenarios presents a forward-looking analysis of Ethiopia’s agrifood system in the context of a rapidly changing economy. Growth in the agriculture sector remains essential to continued poverty reduction in Ethiopia and will depend on sustained investment in the agrifood system, especially private sector investment. Many of the policies for a successful agricultural and rural development strategy for Ethiopia are relevant for other African countries, as well. Ethiopia’s Agrifood System should be a valuable resource for policymakers, development specialists, and others concerned with economic development in Africa south of the Sahara.
Income Diversification And Poverty In The Northern Uplands Of Vietnam
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Author : Nicholas Minot
language : en
Publisher: Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Release Date : 2006
Income Diversification And Poverty In The Northern Uplands Of Vietnam written by Nicholas Minot and has been published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2006 with Social Science categories.
Vietnam has experienced macroeconomic stability and high rates of economic growth since the mid-1990s; nevertheless, it remains one of the 30 poorest countries in the world. Within Vietnam, the Northern Uplands is the poorest region, as well as being the most dependent on agriculture. This report examines income diversification in the Northern Uplands, including its contribution to poverty reduction and the constraints currently limiting further diversification. Given that crop and income diversification have been identified as essential components in raising rural incomes and reducing rural poverty, this report has significant implications for those involved in formulating agricultural policy and devising development programs.
Agriculture Diversification And Gender In Rural Africa
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Author : Agnes Andersson Djurfeldt
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2018
Agriculture Diversification And Gender In Rural Africa written by Agnes Andersson Djurfeldt and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018 with Business & Economics categories.
This book contributes to the understanding of smallholder agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa through addressing the dynamics of intensification and diversification within and outside agriculture in contexts where women have much poorer access to agrarian resources than men.