Science Policy And The Value Free Ideal
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Science Policy And The Value Free Ideal
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Author : Heather E. Douglas
language : en
Publisher: University of Pittsburgh Pre
Release Date : 2009-07-15
Science Policy And The Value Free Ideal written by Heather E. Douglas and has been published by University of Pittsburgh Pre this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009-07-15 with Philosophy categories.
The role of science in policymaking has gained unprecedented stature in the United States, raising questions about the place of science and scientific expertise in the democratic process. Some scientists have been given considerable epistemic authority in shaping policy on issues of great moral and cultural significance, and the politicizing of these issues has become highly contentious. Since World War II, most philosophers of science have purported the concept that science should be "value-free." In Science, Policy and the Value-Free Ideal, Heather E. Douglas argues that such an ideal is neither adequate nor desirable for science. She contends that the moral responsibilities of scientists require the consideration of values even at the heart of science. She lobbies for a new ideal in which values serve an essential function throughout scientific inquiry, but where the role values play is constrained at key points, thus protecting the integrity and objectivity of science. In this vein, Douglas outlines a system for the application of values to guide scientists through points of uncertainty fraught with moral valence.Following a philosophical analysis of the historical background of science advising and the value-free ideal, Douglas defines how values should-and should not-function in science. She discusses the distinctive direct and indirect roles for values in reasoning, and outlines seven senses of objectivity, showing how each can be employed to determine the reliability of scientific claims. Douglas then uses these philosophical insights to clarify the distinction between junk science and sound science to be used in policymaking. In conclusion, she calls for greater openness on the values utilized in policymaking, and more public participation in the policymaking process, by suggesting various models for effective use of both the public and experts in key risk assessments.
Science In A Democratic Society
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Author : Philip Kitcher
language : en
Publisher: Prometheus Books
Release Date : 2011-09-20
Science In A Democratic Society written by Philip Kitcher and has been published by Prometheus Books this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-09-20 with Science categories.
In this successor to his pioneering Science, Truth, and Democracy, the author revisits the topic explored in his previous work—namely, the challenges of integrating science, the most successful knowledge-generating system of all time, with the problems of democracy. But in this new work, the author goes far beyond that earlier book in studying places at which the practice of science fails to answer social needs. He considers a variety of examples of pressing concern, ranging from climate change to religiously inspired constraints on biomedical research to the neglect of diseases that kill millions of children annually, analyzing the sources of trouble. He shows the fallacies of thinking that democracy always requires public debate of issues most people cannot comprehend, and argues that properly constituted expertise is essential to genuine democracy. No previous book has treated the place of science in democratic society so comprehensively and systematically, with attention to different aspects of science and to pressing problems of our times.
Value Free Science
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Author : Robert Proctor
language : en
Publisher: Harvard University Press
Release Date : 1991
Value Free Science written by Robert Proctor and has been published by Harvard University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1991 with History categories.
Proctor lucidly demonstrates how value-neutrality is a reaction to larger political developments, including the use of science by government and industry, the specialization of professional disciplines, and the efforts to stifle intellectual freedoms or to politicize the world of the academy.
Science For Policy Handbook
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Author : Vladimir Sucha
language : en
Publisher: Elsevier
Release Date : 2020-07-15
Science For Policy Handbook written by Vladimir Sucha and has been published by Elsevier this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-07-15 with Business & Economics categories.
Science for Policy Handbook provides advice on how to bring science to the attention of policymakers. This resource is dedicated to researchers and research organizations aiming to achieve policy impacts. The book includes lessons learned along the way, advice on new skills, practices for individual researchers, elements necessary for institutional change, and knowledge areas and processes in which to invest. It puts co-creation at the centre of Science for Policy 2.0, a more integrated model of knowledge-policy relationship.
Social Science And Policy Challenges
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Author : Georgios Papanagnou
language : en
Publisher: UNESCO
Release Date : 2011-01-01
Social Science And Policy Challenges written by Georgios Papanagnou and has been published by UNESCO this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-01-01 with Political Science categories.
Producing scientific knowledge that can inform solutions and guide policy-making is one of the most important functions of social science. Nonetheless, if social science is to become more relevant and influential so as to impact on the drawing and execution of policy, certain measures need to be taken to narrow its distance from the policy sphere. This decision is less obvious than it seems. Both research and experience have proved that policy-making is a complex, often sub-rational, interactive process that involves a wide range of actors such as decision makers, bureaucrats, researchers, organized interests, citizen and civil society representatives and research brokers. In addition, social science often needs to defend both its relevance to policy and its own scientific status. Moving away from instrumental visions of the link between social research and policy, this collective volume aims to highlight the more constructed nature of the use of social knowledge.
Trust In Numbers
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Author : Theodore M. Porter
language : en
Publisher: Princeton University Press
Release Date : 2020-08-18
Trust In Numbers written by Theodore M. Porter and has been published by Princeton University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-08-18 with Science categories.
A foundational work on historical and social studies of quantification What accounts for the prestige of quantitative methods? The usual answer is that quantification is desirable in social investigation as a result of its successes in science. Trust in Numbers questions whether such success in the study of stars, molecules, or cells should be an attractive model for research on human societies, and examines why the natural sciences are highly quantitative in the first place. Theodore Porter argues that a better understanding of the attractions of quantification in business, government, and social research brings a fresh perspective to its role in psychology, physics, and medicine. Quantitative rigor is not inherent in science but arises from political and social pressures, and objectivity derives its impetus from cultural contexts. In a new preface, the author sheds light on the current infatuation with quantitative methods, particularly at the intersection of science and bureaucracy.
The Science Question In Feminism
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Author : Sandra G. Harding
language : en
Publisher: Cornell University Press
Release Date : 1986
The Science Question In Feminism written by Sandra G. Harding and has been published by Cornell University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1986 with Philosophy categories.
Can science, steeped in Western, masculine, bourgeois endeavors, nevertheless be used for emancipatory ends? In this major contribution to the debate over the role gender plays in the scientific enterprise, Sandra Harding pursues that question, challenging the intellectual and social foundations of scientific thought. Harding provides the first comprehensive and critical survey of the feminist science critiques, and examines inquiries into the androcentricism that has endured since the birth of modern science. Harding critiques three epistemological approaches: feminist empiricism, which identifies only bad science as the problem; the feminist standpoint, which holds that women's social experience provides a unique starting point for discovering masculine bias in science; and feminist postmodernism, which disputes the most basic scientific assumptions. She points out the tensions among these stances and the inadequate concepts that inform their analyses, yet maintains that the critical discourse they foster is vital to the quest for a science informed by emancipatory morals and politics.
The Accountability Of Expertise
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Author : Erik O. Eriksen
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2021-07-26
The Accountability Of Expertise written by Erik O. Eriksen and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-07-26 with Political Science categories.
Based on in-depth studies of the relationship between expertise and democracy in Europe, this book presents a new approach to how the un-elected can be made safe for democracy. It addresses the challenge of reconciling modern governments’ need for knowledge with the demand for democratic legitimacy. Knowledge-based decision-making is indispensable to modern democracies. This book establishes a public reason model of legitimacy and clarifies the conditions under which unelected bodies can be deemed legitimate as they are called upon to handle pandemics, financial crises, climate change and migration flows. Expert bodies are seeking neither re-election nor popularity, they can speak truth to power as well as to the citizenry at large. They are unelected, yet they wield power. How could they possibly be legitimate? This book is of key interest to scholars and students of democracy, governance, and more broadly to political and administrative science as well as the Science Technology Studies (STS).
Virtue And Responsibility In Policy Research And Advice
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Author : Berry Tholen
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2017-09-06
Virtue And Responsibility In Policy Research And Advice written by Berry Tholen and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2017-09-06 with Political Science categories.
This book argues that ethical judgment by individual scientific policy advisors is more important than is often acknowledged. While many scientific policy advisors routinely present themselves as neutral or value free scientists, here is demonstrated that the ideal of scientific integrity as neutrality is misguided and that an alternative understanding is demanded. The book provides an overview of the type of social and political value decisions that have to be made in all phases of research and advice. It moves on to examine proposed procedures or guidelines for scientists and critically assesses plans for the democratization of decision making in science and scientific advice. The book offers a reflection on the practice of scientific advice that will appeal to practitioners and scholars of Public Administration, Public Management and Policy Analysis.
Value Free Science
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Author : Harold Kincaid
language : en
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Release Date : 2007-03-15
Value Free Science written by Harold Kincaid and has been published by Oxford University Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-03-15 with Philosophy categories.
It has long been thought that science is our best hope for realizing objective knowledge, but that, to deliver on this promise, it must be value free. Things are not so simple, however, as recent work in science studies makes clear. The contributors to this volume investigate where and how values are involved in science, and examine the implications of this involvement for ideals of objectivity.