Sequential Experimentation In Clinical Trials
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Sequential Experimentation In Clinical Trials
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Author : Jay Bartroff
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-12
Sequential Experimentation In Clinical Trials written by Jay Bartroff and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-12 with Medical categories.
Sequential Experimentation in Clinical Trials: Design and Analysis is developed from decades of work in research groups, statistical pedagogy, and workshop participation. Different parts of the book can be used for short courses on clinical trials, translational medical research, and sequential experimentation. The authors have successfully used the book to teach innovative clinical trial designs and statistical methods for Statistics Ph.D. students at Stanford University. There are additional online supplements for the book that include chapter-specific exercises and information. Sequential Experimentation in Clinical Trials: Design and Analysis covers the much broader subject of sequential experimentation that includes group sequential and adaptive designs of Phase II and III clinical trials, which have attracted much attention in the past three decades. In particular, the broad scope of design and analysis problems in sequential experimentation clearly requires a wide range of statistical methods and models from nonlinear regression analysis, experimental design, dynamic programming, survival analysis, resampling, and likelihood and Bayesian inference. The background material in these building blocks is summarized in Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 and certain sections in Chapter 6 and Chapter 7. Besides group sequential tests and adaptive designs, the book also introduces sequential change-point detection methods in Chapter 5 in connection with pharmacovigilance and public health surveillance. Together with dynamic programming and approximate dynamic programming in Chapter 3, the book therefore covers all basic topics for a graduate course in sequential analysis designs.
Group Sequential Methods With Applications To Clinical Trials
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Author : Christopher Jennison
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 1999-09-15
Group Sequential Methods With Applications To Clinical Trials written by Christopher Jennison and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1999-09-15 with Mathematics categories.
Group sequential methods answer the needs of clinical trial monitoring committees who must assess the data available at an interim analysis. These interim results may provide grounds for terminating the study-effectively reducing costs-or may benefit the general patient population by allowing early dissemination of its findings. Group sequential methods provide a means to balance the ethical and financial advantages of stopping a study early against the risk of an incorrect conclusion. Group Sequential Methods with Applications to Clinical Trials describes group sequential stopping rules designed to reduce average study length and control Type I and II error probabilities. The authors present one-sided and two-sided tests, introduce several families of group sequential tests, and explain how to choose the most appropriate test and interim analysis schedule. Their topics include placebo-controlled randomized trials, bio-equivalence testing, crossover and longitudinal studies, and linear and generalized linear models. Research in group sequential analysis has progressed rapidly over the past 20 years. Group Sequential Methods with Applications to Clinical Trials surveys and extends current methods for planning and conducting interim analyses. It provides straightforward descriptions of group sequential hypothesis tests in a form suited for direct application to a wide variety of clinical trials. Medical statisticians engaged in any investigations planned with interim analyses will find this book a useful and important tool.
Small Clinical Trials
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Author : Institute of Medicine
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2001-02-01
Small Clinical Trials written by Institute of Medicine and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001-02-01 with Medical categories.
Clinical trials are used to elucidate the most appropriate preventive, diagnostic, or treatment options for individuals with a given medical condition. Perhaps the most essential feature of a clinical trial is that it aims to use results based on a limited sample of research participants to see if the intervention is safe and effective or if it is comparable to a comparison treatment. Sample size is a crucial component of any clinical trial. A trial with a small number of research participants is more prone to variability and carries a considerable risk of failing to demonstrate the effectiveness of a given intervention when one really is present. This may occur in phase I (safety and pharmacologic profiles), II (pilot efficacy evaluation), and III (extensive assessment of safety and efficacy) trials. Although phase I and II studies may have smaller sample sizes, they usually have adequate statistical power, which is the committee's definition of a "large" trial. Sometimes a trial with eight participants may have adequate statistical power, statistical power being the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when the hypothesis is false. Small Clinical Trials assesses the current methodologies and the appropriate situations for the conduct of clinical trials with small sample sizes. This report assesses the published literature on various strategies such as (1) meta-analysis to combine disparate information from several studies including Bayesian techniques as in the confidence profile method and (2) other alternatives such as assessing therapeutic results in a single treated population (e.g., astronauts) by sequentially measuring whether the intervention is falling above or below a preestablished probability outcome range and meeting predesigned specifications as opposed to incremental improvement.
Sequential Medical Trials
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Author : P. Armitage
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1971
Sequential Medical Trials written by P. Armitage and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1971 with categories.
Sequential Analysis
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Author : David Siegmund
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 1985-08-07
Sequential Analysis written by David Siegmund and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1985-08-07 with Mathematics categories.
The modern theory of Sequential Analysis came into existence simultaneously in the United States and Great Britain in response to demands for more efficient sampling inspection procedures during World War II. The develop ments were admirably summarized by their principal architect, A. Wald, in his book Sequential Analysis (1947). In spite of the extraordinary accomplishments of this period, there remained some dissatisfaction with the sequential probability ratio test and Wald's analysis of it. (i) The open-ended continuation region with the concomitant possibility of taking an arbitrarily large number of observations seems intol erable in practice. (ii) Wald's elegant approximations based on "neglecting the excess" of the log likelihood ratio over the stopping boundaries are not especially accurate and do not allow one to study the effect oftaking observa tions in groups rather than one at a time. (iii) The beautiful optimality property of the sequential probability ratio test applies only to the artificial problem of testing a simple hypothesis against a simple alternative. In response to these issues and to new motivation from the direction of controlled clinical trials numerous modifications of the sequential probability ratio test were proposed and their properties studied-often by simulation or lengthy numerical computation. (A notable exception is Anderson, 1960; see III.7.) In the past decade it has become possible to give a more complete theoretical analysis of many of the proposals and hence to understand them better.
Group Sequential And Confirmatory Adaptive Designs In Clinical Trials
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Author : Gernot Wassmer
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2016-07-04
Group Sequential And Confirmatory Adaptive Designs In Clinical Trials written by Gernot Wassmer and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-07-04 with Medical categories.
This book provides an up-to-date review of the general principles of and techniques for confirmatory adaptive designs. Confirmatory adaptive designs are a generalization of group sequential designs. With these designs, interim analyses are performed in order to stop the trial prematurely under control of the Type I error rate. In adaptive designs, it is also permissible to perform a data-driven change of relevant aspects of the study design at interim stages. This includes, for example, a sample-size reassessment, a treatment-arm selection or a selection of a pre-specified sub-population. Essentially, this adaptive methodology was introduced in the 1990s. Since then, it has become popular and the object of intense discussion and still represents a rapidly growing field of statistical research. This book describes adaptive design methodology at an elementary level, while also considering designing and planning issues as well as methods for analyzing an adaptively planned trial. This includes estimation methods and methods for the determination of an overall p-value. Part I of the book provides the group sequential methods that are necessary for understanding and applying the adaptive design methodology supplied in Parts II and III of the book. The book contains many examples that illustrate use of the methods for practical application. The book is primarily written for applied statisticians from academia and industry who are interested in confirmatory adaptive designs. It is assumed that readers are familiar with the basic principles of descriptive statistics, parameter estimation and statistical testing. This book will also be suitable for an advanced statistical course for applied statisticians or clinicians with a sound statistical background.
The Logic Of Adaptive Sequential Experimentation In Policy Design
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Author : Haipeng Xing
language : en
Publisher: Intl Food Policy Res Inst
Release Date : 2013-06-26
The Logic Of Adaptive Sequential Experimentation In Policy Design written by Haipeng Xing and has been published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2013-06-26 with Social Science categories.
Inspired by the wide adoption of rigorous randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in medical research, economists and other social scientists have increasingly used RCTs in their research. As researchers pick up projects amenable to the RCT methodology, they likely leave out important questions to which RCTs cannot be directly applied. As a result, RCTs have been criticized for the proclivity of addressing trivial questions. As a matter of fact, in medical research RCTs are an integral part of adaptive sequential experiment designa few steps must be taken to screen out drugs that have toxins and strong side effects before running any RCTs on humans. In this paper, we argue that economists can learn a great deal from the design principles implemented in medical research. We develop a theoretical model to show the logic of adaptive sequential experiment design in the presence of uncertainty over negative effects and discuss how to choose samples in a population to minimize the experiment cost. We also point out the applications of our proposed framework in the economic domain, such as economic reforms and new product design.
Some Group Sequential Testing Methods In Clinical Trials
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Author : Huaibao Feng
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2008
Some Group Sequential Testing Methods In Clinical Trials written by Huaibao Feng and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008 with categories.
Modern Approaches To Clinical Trials Using Sas Classical Adaptive And Bayesian Methods
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Author : Sandeep Menon
language : en
Publisher: SAS Institute
Release Date : 2015-12-09
Modern Approaches To Clinical Trials Using Sas Classical Adaptive And Bayesian Methods written by Sandeep Menon and has been published by SAS Institute this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2015-12-09 with Computers categories.
This book covers domains of modern clinical trial design: classical, group sequential, adaptive, and Bayesian methods applicable to and used in various phases of pharmaceutical development. Written for biostatisticians, pharmacometricians, clinical developers, and statistical programmers involved in the design, analysis, and interpretation of clinical trials, as well as students in graduate and postgraduate programs in statistics or biostatistics, it covers topics including: dose-response and dose-escalation designs; sequential methods to stop trials early for overwhelming efficacy, safety, or futility; Bayesian designs incorporating historical data; adaptive sample size re-estimation and randomization to allocate subjects to effective treatments; population enrichment designs. Methods are illustrated using clinical trials from diverse therapeutic areas, including dermatology, endocrinology, infectious disease, neurology, oncology and rheumatology. --
Contemporary Multivariate Analysis And Design Of Experiments
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Author : Jianqing Fan
language : en
Publisher: World Scientific
Release Date : 2005
Contemporary Multivariate Analysis And Design Of Experiments written by Jianqing Fan and has been published by World Scientific this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005 with Mathematics categories.
This book furthers new and exciting developments in experimental designs, multivariate analysis, biostatistics, model selection and related subjects. It features articles contributed by many prominent and active figures in their fields. These articles cover a wide array of important issues in modern statistical theory, methods and their applications. Distinctive features of the collections of articles are their coherence and advance in knowledge discoveries.