Sex Differences In Atherosclerosis And Exercise Effects
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Sex Differences In Atherosclerosis And Exercise Effects
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Author : Liam Ward
language : en
Publisher: Linköping University Electronic Press
Release Date : 2019-04-17
Sex Differences In Atherosclerosis And Exercise Effects written by Liam Ward and has been published by Linköping University Electronic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2019-04-17 with categories.
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death globally, with atherosclerosis being the main cause of cardiovascular diseases. Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease of the blood vessel wall, which over time will cause thickening and hardening of the vessel wall. Atherosclerosis can result in catastrophic vascular events, such as myocardial infarction and stroke. There are distinct sex differences in CVD mortality at different ages, before menopause women have a lower mortality of CVD in comparison to men, which equalises after menopause. In addition to sex differences in the incidence of CVD, there are also distinct sex differences in the phenotype of atherosclerotic plaques, with men generally developing more severe and vulnerable plaques that are at risk of rupture. This thesis aimed to investigate the sex differences in atherosclerosis, in particular how the proteome and pathophysiology differs. In addition, we sought to investigate the potential benefit of an exercise programme, in reducing CVD risks, using a randomised controlled trial including postmenopausal women. Sex differences in atherosclerosis were first investigated via proteomic analysis of human carotid endarterectomy samples. Initially, five intraplaque biopsies were taken from distinct atheroma regions, including; internal control, fatty streak, plaque shoulder, plaque centre, and fibrous cap. Protein extracts from these biopsies were subjected to analysis by mass spectrometry. The novel sampling method was successful in reducing the effect of plaque heterogeneity, a limitation in previous proteomic studies of atherosclerosis, and a number of previously unreported proteins were identified in human carotid atheroma. In addition to this, with the inclusion of multivariate statistical modelling, it was found that 43 proteins significantly discriminated the carotid atheroma between men and women. These proteins were grouped by function, and it was found that atheroma from men was associated with the increased abundance of inflammatory response proteins, including phospholipase-A2 membrane associated and lysozyme C, and atheroma from women was associated with increased abundance of blood coagulation, complement activation, and transport proteins, notably including; antithrombin-III, coagulation factor XII, and afamin. In addition, differences were also ii observed in the abundance of iron metabolism related proteins. These sex differences were further expanded upon from a pathophysiological perspective. Immunohistochemistry stainings of ferritin and transferrin receptor 1 were found significantly increased in the atheroma from men. Moreover, the levels of plasma haemoglobin were also significantly increased in men and were associated with the development of more vulnerable and severe plaque types. The more vulnerable and severe plaque types were also associated with significantly greater macrophage infiltration. In summary, these results are indicative of men developing atheroma with greater inflammation that are more vulnerable, due to increased iron and inflammatory proteins and macrophage infiltration, whereas atheroma from women develop with less inflammation and a more stable phenotype. The randomised controlled clinical trial aimed at investigating the effects of resistance training (RT), over a 15-week period, in postmenopausal women. Plasma samples were obtained at week-0 and week-15 of the study period, and analyses were performed primarily using a series of immunoassays. Results showed that women participating in RT, with good compliance, were associated with significant decreases in plasma levels of ferritin, lipids, and inflammatory adipokines. These results suggest that the use of regular RT may be a beneficial intervention in reducing the levels of body iron, lipids, and inflammation, all of which are risk factors for the development of CVD. However, validation studies are required in a larger cohort of postmenopausal women, in addition to the inclusion or complementary studies in middle-aged men. In summary, the works included in this thesis further expand on the current knowledge of sex differences in atherosclerosis, and also provides information on the potential of an exercise intervention to beneficially reduces the effects of known risk factors of CVD.
Sex Differences In Heart Disease
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Author : Bohuslav Ostadal
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2020-11-15
Sex Differences In Heart Disease written by Bohuslav Ostadal and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-11-15 with Science categories.
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality in men and women. Unfortunately, women have traditionally been excluded from clinical trials, and female animals have been used less or sex was not reported in basic research studies. Until recently, consideration of both sexes was not required in clinical and preclinical studies focusing on cardiovascular diseases. However, the number of clinical and experimental papers dealing with sex differences and heart disease significantly increases during the last years. This trend is obviously the result of at least two facts: the number of examples of different behavior of the male and female heart under physiological and pathological conditions is steadily increasing and there were controversial reports on the beneficial and adverse effect of hormonal replacement therapy. Detailed molecular and cellular mechanisms of these differences are still unknown but one is clear already today: sex differences are so important that they should be considered by the selection of optimum diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in clinical practice. The book presents 16 manuscripts on sex differences of heart disease, as developed by several investigators; the volume is organized in four parts. Part I, dealing with sex differences in cardiac ischemic injury, includes 5 chapters on experimental aspects of cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury, the role of testosterone, and clinical aspects of ischemic heart disease. Part II is devoted to sex differences in heart failure and includes four chapters. Discussion in this part of the book is centered around the sex differences in heart failure due to volume overload. Part III of this volume includes four papers on risk factors of cardiovascular diseases, namely hypertension and obesity, and, finally, three chapters in part IV deal with sex differences of cardiac mitochondria under different pathological conditions. We believe this book will be very useful for cardiovascular scientists, graduate students, postdoctoral fellows and other health professionals.
Sex Differences In Physiology
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Author : Gretchen Neigh
language : en
Publisher: Academic Press
Release Date : 2016-05-10
Sex Differences In Physiology written by Gretchen Neigh and has been published by Academic Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-05-10 with Science categories.
Sex Differences in Physiology is an all-encompassing reference that details basic science research into sex differences in all physiological fields. It includes scientific discoveries concerning sex differences in cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, gastrointestinal, and musculoskeletal physiology. In addition, coverage of the development, endocrinology, neurophysiology, immunity, and metabolism is included, making this important reference a resource that will meet the needs of investigators interested in incorporating sex differences into their research programs, while also providing clinicians with the basis for providing the best sex-based medical treatment options available. Provides a sweeping, organ-by-organ review of currently observed sex differences in animal models and human disease Explains how sex differences influence physiology and disease Provides the critical knowledge on sex differences for better understanding of prevention and treatment of diseases
Exploring The Biological Contributions To Human Health
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Author : Institute of Medicine
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2001-07-02
Exploring The Biological Contributions To Human Health written by Institute of Medicine and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2001-07-02 with Medical categories.
It's obvious why only men develop prostate cancer and why only women get ovarian cancer. But it is not obvious why women are more likely to recover language ability after a stroke than men or why women are more apt to develop autoimmune diseases such as lupus. Sex differences in health throughout the lifespan have been documented. Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health begins to snap the pieces of the puzzle into place so that this knowledge can be used to improve health for both sexes. From behavior and cognition to metabolism and response to chemicals and infectious organisms, this book explores the health impact of sex (being male or female, according to reproductive organs and chromosomes) and gender (one's sense of self as male or female in society). Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health discusses basic biochemical differences in the cells of males and females and health variability between the sexes from conception throughout life. The book identifies key research needs and opportunities and addresses barriers to research. Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health will be important to health policy makers, basic, applied, and clinical researchers, educators, providers, and journalists-while being very accessible to interested lay readers.
Sex And Gender Aspects In Clinical Medicine
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Author : Sabine Oertelt-Prigione
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2011-11-15
Sex And Gender Aspects In Clinical Medicine written by Sabine Oertelt-Prigione and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011-11-15 with Medical categories.
This book is a concise, easy to read professional text with a focus on practical aspects. All chapters include tables on sex/gender differences in symptoms and management and a series of suggestions to the novice in the field. Chapters are specialty-specific. The focus is not on women’s health, but the presentation of differences in clinical symptoms, management and outcomes in women and men. Gender Medicine strives to employ the knowledge about these differences to improve diagnosis, better understand pathogenesis and advance patient-oriented therapy.
Sex Specific Analysis Of Cardiovascular Function
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Author : Peter L. M. Kerkhof
language : en
Publisher: Springer
Release Date : 2018-07-26
Sex Specific Analysis Of Cardiovascular Function written by Peter L. M. Kerkhof and has been published by Springer this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-07-26 with Medical categories.
This book gathers together contributions from internationally renowned authors in the field of cardiovascular systems and provides crucial insight into the importance of sex- and gender-concepts during the analysis of patient data. This innovative title is the first to offer the elements necessary to consider sex-related properties in both clinical and basic studies regarding the heart and circulation on multiscale levels (i.e. molecular, cellular, electrophysiologically, neuroendocrine, immunoregulatory, organ, allometric, and modeling). Observed differences at (ultra)cellular and organ level are quantified, with focus on clinical relevance and implications for diagnosis and patient management. Since the cardiovascular system is of vital importance for all tissues, Sex-Specific Analysis of Cardiovascular Function is an essential source of information for clinicians, biologists, and biomedical investigators. The wide spectrum of differences described in this book will also act as an eye-opener and serve as a handbook for students, teachers, scientists and practitioners.
Cumulated Index Medicus
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Author :
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 1981
Cumulated Index Medicus written by and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1981 with Medicine categories.
Women Heart Disease Second Edition
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Author : Nanette Wenger
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2005-11-10
Women Heart Disease Second Edition written by Nanette Wenger and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005-11-10 with Medical categories.
Despite media attention and public awareness, recent advances in pharmaceutical and medical developments, heart disease in women is under-diagnosed, under-treated, and under-managed. Many women fail to present in the clinic when symptomatic, because of responsibilities at home or at work. Often the first presentation follows a cardiac event. Women are excluded from many clinical trials regardless of age or cardiac history, simply because most trials are aimed at male patients. This best-selling, updated title, aimed at changing this treatment of women's cardiac issues, covers all aspects of female cardiovascular disease. It is required reading for all practitioners who assess female patients.
Women In Cardiovascular Therapeutics
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Author : Hong S. Lu
language : en
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Release Date : 2023-06-06
Women In Cardiovascular Therapeutics written by Hong S. Lu and has been published by Frontiers Media SA this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023-06-06 with Medical categories.
Women And Heart Disease
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Author : Desmond Julian
language : en
Publisher: CRC Press
Release Date : 2005-11-10
Women And Heart Disease written by Desmond Julian and has been published by CRC Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2005-11-10 with Medical categories.
Despite being one of the world's biggest killers of women, heart disease is under-diagnosed, under-treated, and under-managed. Why? What is going wrong? Important and ground-breaking, Women and Heart Disease brings our attention to the inadequacies in both the diagnosis and treatment of heart disease in women. Key features: * written by Nanette Wenger and Peter Collins, two of the worlds leading cardiologists * contributions from leaders in women‘s cardiac health * covers all aspects of cardiovascular disease, not just coronary artery disease * fully updated. Building on the success of the best-selling first edition, this is essential reading for all physicians with a particular interest in women and heart disease.