Sexual Objectification Culture In America How Sexual Objectification Has Affected The Lives Of American Women
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Sexual Objectification Culture In America How Sexual Objectification Has Affected The Lives Of American Women
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Author : Sophia Paulino
language : en
Publisher: GRIN Verlag
Release Date : 2018-08-07
Sexual Objectification Culture In America How Sexual Objectification Has Affected The Lives Of American Women written by Sophia Paulino and has been published by GRIN Verlag this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-08-07 with Social Science categories.
Essay from the year 2018 in the subject Sociology - Gender Studies, , language: English, abstract: “If your hair isn't beautiful, the rest hardly matters” (Pantene Advertisement). In today’s society, it has been proven that males have privilege over women. Society’s role in the sexual objectification of women, especially the media and advertising has shown a constant increase. Sexual Objectification is when a person is visualized as an object of desire instead of a human being with qualities and values. If the sexual objectification of women was only causing an offense to women, it would not be such a serious and controversial issue. The sexual objectification of women has proven to have very negative effects on not only grown-up women but also in young girls. As Swift and Gould analyze, the biggest contributors to the sexual objectification of women are advertising, the media, and men. Wesleyan University researchers found that 51.8 percent of advertisements that featured women portrayed them as sex objects (Swift and Gould).
Women S Online Experiences Of Sexual Objectification
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Author : Kyla M. Cary
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2023
Women S Online Experiences Of Sexual Objectification written by Kyla M. Cary and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2023 with Electronic dissertations categories.
The sexual objectification of girls and women is ubiquitous in patriarchal American culture (Gervais et al., 2020). When girls and women are sexually objectified, their bodies are reduced to sexual objects to be observed and evaluated by others, without the consideration of personal character or dignity (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997). Objectification theory posits that sexual objectification is experienced both within interpersonal social interactions and via exposure to the objectification of others (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997). Indeed, women report experiencing exposure to the sexual objectification of other women 1.35 times daily and experience being sexually objectified themselves at least every-other-day (Holland et al., 2017). As a result of these repeated experiences of sexual objectification, girls and women face a plethora of negative outcomes (for reviews see: Daniels et al., 2020; Moradi & Huang, 2008). More specifically, sexual objectification experiences result in self-objectification, or internalization of objectification in which one begins to think of themselves as an object to be evaluated and used by others (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997). It is this self-objectification that serves as a mediator between experiences of sexual objectification and subsequent outcomes within the areas of body image and mental health, with prior research supporting this pathway of outcomes (Calogero, 2004; Moradi & Huang, 2008; Tiggemann & Slater, 2002). However, sexual objectification and resultant outcomes were originally conceptualized as occurring solely within offline, interpersonal interactions and exposure to objectification within traditional media (i.e., print, movies, television). Little is known about how sexual objectification is experienced by women within online contexts via interpersonal interactions and exposure to objectification of others online.The present study aims to address this gap in the literature by (1) using psychometric methods to develop and validate an instrument to capture emerging adult women's online sexual objectification experiences and (2) explore associations between online sexual objectification, self-objectification, body image, and mental health. Study 1 (presented in Chapter 2) reports on the development and psychometric evaluation of the Online Sexual Objectification Experiences Scale (OSOES). Data from 898 emerging adult college women were collected in two studies. Exploratory factor analyses revealed three factors: Appearance-based Harassment, Unwanted Sexual Solicitations, and Indirect Sexual Objectification. OSOES scores were internally consistent and were strongly associated with scores of self-objectification, body surveillance, and body shame. OSOES subscale scores also provided evidence of incremental validity in predicting scores of self-objectification above and beyond offline, interpersonal sexual objectification. Study 2 (presented in Chapter 3) explores associations between online sexual objectification experiences, self-objectification, body image, and mental health, controlling for offline sexual objectification, among emerging adult women. A structural equation model was tested in which self-objectification mediated the associations between online sexual objectification experiences and latent factors of body image (comprised of internalization of the thin ideal, body surveillance, and body shame) and mental health (comprised of depression, anxiety, and satisfaction with life). Indirect paths between online sexual objectification, body image, and mental health through the mediating variable of self-objectification were significant, indicating that sexual objectification experienced within the online context is associated with a similar pathway of outcomes to that of offline sexual objectification. Educators and clinicians should be made aware of the prevalence of women's experiences of online sexual objectification and the potential consequences associated with online objectification such as self-objectification, poor body image and mental health.
Self Objectification In Women
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Author : Stacey Tantleff-Dunn
language : en
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Release Date : 2011
Self Objectification In Women written by Stacey Tantleff-Dunn and has been published by American Psychological Association (APA) this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2011 with FAMILY & RELATIONSHIPS categories.
"Modern industrialized society chronically and pervasively objectifies the female body, and many women have come to view themselves through the lens of an external observer, habitually monitoring their own appearance whether in public or private settings. Given the negative effects associated with self-objectification--such as body shame, appearance anxiety, depression, and disordered eating--an empirically based approach to researching and counteracting self-objectification is critical. This book integrates recent research developments and current clinical knowledge on self-objectification in women. Using Barbara L. Fredrickson and Tomi-Ann Roberts' objectification theory as a framework, the contributors address various aspects of the theory, including evidence for and causes of self-objectification across the life span, psychological consequences, and associated mental health risks. The book also discusses various scales for measuring self-objectification, as well as approaches to prevent and disrupt this phenomenon. With research from a variety of disciplines--psychology, sociology, anthropology, women's studies, and political science--this book should be read by everyone interested in the well-being of women"--Publicity materials. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved).
Objectification
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Author : Susanna Paasonen
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2020-08-12
Objectification written by Susanna Paasonen and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-08-12 with Psychology categories.
This is a concise and accessible introduction into the concept of objectification, one of the most frequently recurring terms in both academic and media debates on the gendered politics of contemporary culture, and core to critiquing the social positions of sex and sexism. Objectification is an issue of media representation and everyday experiences alike. Central to theories of film spectatorship, beauty fashion and sex, objectification is connected to the harassment and discrimination of women, to the sexualization of culture and the pressing presence of body norms within media. This concise guidebook traces the history of the term’s emergence and its use in a variety of contexts such as debates about sexualization and the male gaze, and its mobilization in connection with the body, selfies and pornography, as well as in feminist activism. It will be an essential introduction for undergraduate and postgraduate students in Gender Studies, Media Studies, Sociology, Cultural Studies or Visual Arts.
More Than A Body
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Author : Lexie Kite
language : en
Publisher: Houghton Mifflin
Release Date : 2020-12-29
More Than A Body written by Lexie Kite and has been published by Houghton Mifflin this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2020-12-29 with Beauty, Personal categories.
Drs. Lindsay and Lexie Kite know firsthand how hard filtering out media influence is when it comes to self-image. Both struggled as young women to overcome the expectations of body size and shape, but were able to learn to love, appreciate, and reclaim their own bodies, eventually earning their PhDs in body image resilience. The twin sisters founded the nonprofit Beauty Redefined and have made it their mission to help other women see themselves without societal expectations distorting their self-perception. More than a Body is a self-help book focused on going beyond body positivity, showing how a mindset focused on appearance sets women up for insecurities and self-judgement. In this book, they offer an action plan for readers to combat that mindset, and instead learn how the body can be "an instrument, not an ornament," with practical, actionable steps to take when consuming media, exercising, practicing self-reflection and self-compassion, and finding a purpose in life.
Sexual Objectification Of Women In Advertising
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Author : Yiqiao Wang
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2016-10-19
Sexual Objectification Of Women In Advertising written by Yiqiao Wang and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2016-10-19 with categories.
The Sexualization Of Childhood
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Author : Sharna Olfman
language : en
Publisher: Praeger
Release Date : 2009
The Sexualization Of Childhood written by Sharna Olfman and has been published by Praeger this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2009 with Health & Fitness categories.
Only a generation or two ago, childhood in the United States was understood to be a unique and vulnerable stage of development; a time for play and protection from adult preoccupations and responsibilities. In recent decades however, we appear to have jettisoned these norms, and the lines that separate the lifestyles of even very young children from adults are blurring. As widely known experts on the team that created this book explain, children begin formal education now in preschool, dress like adults, listen to the same music, play the same video games, explore the same Internet sites, and watch explicit depictions of sex and violence on TV and in movies. What is the impact of immersing children in a sexualized world? The Sexualization of Childhood first explains the nature of healthy sexual development. It then describes the ways in which children are being sexualized, and the physical and psychological consequences. It then looks at the lower and lower age at which girls are experiencing puberty, that reduction being fueled by the pseudoestrogens in so many of our foods and products, as well as obesity. Finally, it examines what we can do legally, politically, and as caregivers to protect children from developmentally inappropriate sexual experiences.
Femininity And Domination
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Author : Sandra Lee Bartky
language : en
Publisher: Routledge
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Femininity And Domination written by Sandra Lee Bartky and has been published by Routledge this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Performing Arts categories.
Bartky draws on the experience of daily life to unmask the many disguises by which intimations of inferiority are visited upon women. She critiques both the male bias of current theory and the debilitating dominion held by notions of "proper femininity" over women and their bodies in patriarchal culture.
Sexual Harassment Of Women
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Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
language : en
Publisher: National Academies Press
Release Date : 2018-09-01
Sexual Harassment Of Women written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and has been published by National Academies Press this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2018-09-01 with Social Science categories.
Over the last few decades, research, activity, and funding has been devoted to improving the recruitment, retention, and advancement of women in the fields of science, engineering, and medicine. In recent years the diversity of those participating in these fields, particularly the participation of women, has improved and there are significantly more women entering careers and studying science, engineering, and medicine than ever before. However, as women increasingly enter these fields they face biases and barriers and it is not surprising that sexual harassment is one of these barriers. Over thirty years the incidence of sexual harassment in different industries has held steady, yet now more women are in the workforce and in academia, and in the fields of science, engineering, and medicine (as students and faculty) and so more women are experiencing sexual harassment as they work and learn. Over the last several years, revelations of the sexual harassment experienced by women in the workplace and in academic settings have raised urgent questions about the specific impact of this discriminatory behavior on women and the extent to which it is limiting their careers. Sexual Harassment of Women explores the influence of sexual harassment in academia on the career advancement of women in the scientific, technical, and medical workforce. This report reviews the research on the extent to which women in the fields of science, engineering, and medicine are victimized by sexual harassment and examines the existing information on the extent to which sexual harassment in academia negatively impacts the recruitment, retention, and advancement of women pursuing scientific, engineering, technical, and medical careers. It also identifies and analyzes the policies, strategies and practices that have been the most successful in preventing and addressing sexual harassment in these settings.
Experiencing Sexually Objectifying Environments
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Author : Lauren Bell Moffitt
language : en
Publisher:
Release Date : 2010
Experiencing Sexually Objectifying Environments written by Lauren Bell Moffitt and has been published by this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2010 with categories.
Research examining tenets of Objectification Theory (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997) has given little attention to increasing our understanding of specific environments and subcultures, such as beauty pageants, cheerleading, and cocktail waitressing that exist within our culture where sexual objectification of women is encouraged, promoted, and socially sanctioned. This qualitative case study of women's experiences in a sexually objectifying environment includes interviews with 11 women as well as observational data. Data classification via the constant comparative method resulted in nine themes: reasons for involvement, ambivalence, counterfeit intimacy, sexual objectification, resistance strategies, power, negative relationships with women, changes over time, and judgment. Corresponding subthemes are also described and interpretation is provided in light of relevant literature. Women's experiences in a sexually objectifying environment are further discussed in terms of the need for resources and power and the resulting conflicts that women experience in terms of relational dynamics and personal safety.