Small Ruminant Production Techniques
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Small Ruminant Production Techniques
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Author : H. Ibrahim
language : en
Publisher: ILRI (aka ILCA and ILRAD)
Release Date : 1998-01-01
Small Ruminant Production Techniques written by H. Ibrahim and has been published by ILRI (aka ILCA and ILRAD) this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1998-01-01 with Goats categories.
Small Ruminant Production And The Small Ruminant Genetic Resource In Tropical Africa
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Author : R. T. Wilson
language : en
Publisher: Food & Agriculture Org.
Release Date : 1991
Small Ruminant Production And The Small Ruminant Genetic Resource In Tropical Africa written by R. T. Wilson and has been published by Food & Agriculture Org. this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1991 with Business & Economics categories.
Productive And Economic Performance Of Small Ruminants In Two Production Systems Of The Highlands Of Ethiopia
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Author : Getahun Legesse
language : en
Publisher: Cuvillier Verlag
Release Date : 2008-10-14
Productive And Economic Performance Of Small Ruminants In Two Production Systems Of The Highlands Of Ethiopia written by Getahun Legesse and has been published by Cuvillier Verlag this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2008-10-14 with Science categories.
Small ruminants are an important component of the Ethiopian mixed-farming systems. A key feature of small ruminants in these systems is that they fulfil multiple roles, ranging from socio-cultural purposes to providing meat, milk and manure. Agro-climatic and socio-economic factors trigger off variations in small ruminant production systems; underestimating this diversity in sheep and goats management may hamper the identification of constraints and opportunities for sustainable development of the systems. Likewise, attempts to improve performance under the prevailing conditions must take into consideration their specific purpose in the production system and their performance potential under varying management levels. The assessment of the current productive and economic performance of small ruminants also provides baseline data against which the success of future interventions can be measured. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the productivity and the household income contribution of small-ruminant enterprises of smallholder farmers in two mixed-farming systems of southern Ethiopia (viz. Adilo and Kofele) and to identify possible options for future improvements. Adilo represents the most densely populated areas in Ethiopia while Kofele represents an area of the southern highlands populated at medium level. Kofele is an area with a relatively cool climate, food sufficiency and fairly high agricultural potential in terms of soil fertility and land availability and the farmers in the area keep more livestock than their counterparts in Adilo. Adilo, on the other hand, is an area characterized by land scarcity and food insufficiency. Both areas are prominent suppliers of small ruminants to the neighbouring big cities and Addis Ababa. The study was carried out following a step-wise approach. Understanding the existing situation of small ruminant production was dealt with a diagnostic survey (399 households) and group discussions in respective sites between April and July 2004. Detailed information on growth, reproductive and economic parameters was gathered through a one year long flock and household monitoring (155 households) between September 2005 and August 2006. Semi-structured surveys and feedback workshops were also conducted with the participating households to elicit information on income-expense details and the adoption likelihood of small ruminant technologies in the study area. The statistical data analyses were performed applying descriptive statistics, general linear models, and logistic regression using Statistical Analysis System (SAS) software. Results of the diagnostic survey revealed that small ruminants fulfil several roles in the study area. However, the principal purpose of keeping sheep and goats was to generate cash income. Sheep milk consumption was widespread around Kofele unlike most agricultural systems in the country. Nearly all respondents in Adilo reported fattening their sheep before sale, while such a practice was uncommon in Kofele. Informal insurance schemes were evolving among the sheep keepers in Adilo. The common problem identified from both individual interviews and group discussions was feed shortage. Small ruminant disease (e.g. fasciolosis) was also the major constraint in Kofele, where marshy areas are increasingly assigned for grazing in the rainy season as more suitable lands are gradually allocated to cropping activities The average litter size at birth of sheep covered in this study was 1.3, the rate of single and twin births being 74% and 25%, respectively. Significantly higher litter size was obtained in the Adilo small ruminant system that implies better reproductive rate thereby higher meat output from the area. There is evidence, from the reproductive and growth performance that considerable stress occurs in small ruminants during the dry season due to inadequate nutrition. The lambs in Kofele exhibited significantly higher birth and weaning weights while the average pre-weaning daily gains were about 100g in both sites. High young mortalities of about 20% in lambs and kids can be considered as a majorconstraint. The flock structure of small ruminants in the present study showed that male offtake at a young age (around one-year) was high. The overall offtake rate, which was calculated for the one-year study period as sales plus slaughters plus animals gifted out permanently as a proportion of total flock size at the start of the study, was more than 90% due mainly to sales; the value obtained is among the highest reported offtake rates in sub-Saharan Africa. The flock structure and the offtake suggest that the management objective of sheep owners’ is mainly meat production for the market. The sale of small ruminants contributed to 39% and 23% of total farm cash income among small ruminant keepers in Adilo and Kofele, respectively. Though the two research sites are practicing rainfed mixed-farming, are known for their small ruminant markets and are only a hundred kilometres apart, the existing practices that may be an entry point for further intervention and strengthening are different. Farmers in each site initiated new practices like fattening and managing a household ‘veterinary kit’. In Adilo, logistic regression analysis revealed that the utilization of commercial concentrate decreased with increasing age and farm size only up to a point. The likelihood of adoption increased with livestock holding up to reaching a maximum and then declines as holding increases further. Female farmers, literate household heads, and households with high family size were more likely to adopt the utilization of commercial concentrates. On the other hand, farm size and livestock holding significantly influenced the probability of adopting the practice of treating small ruminants via the household veterinary kits in Kofele area. Treating small ruminants in the household increased with farm size only up to the point at which it reaches a maximum. Those farmers who own a high number of livestock were significantly inclined to undertake the mentioned practice in the household. The growing demand for meat from small ruminants, the improving transportation infrastructure and the experience of farmers in small ruminant keeping are providing opportunities to enhance the contribution of the sector to smallholder farmers’ economy. The performance of the animals can be improved by reinforcing community animal health services and designing alternative feed resources like fodder trees in order to supplement breeding females and young stock at critical seasons of the year. With regard to feeding, attention should also be paid to the shortest feeding regimen before the holidays in which most sales are occurring particularly through strategic feeding and fattening. The current study has analysed two typical mixed-farming systems in southern Ethiopia, employing methods of questionnaires and a participatory approach directed towards capturing farm households and family decisions. Yet, the comparative evaluation of small ruminant systems remained the major focus of the work. The merging of these two approaches was performed in a systematic way, showing its limitations in only partial consideration of non-livestock activities. There also still remains the need to determine the performance of small ruminants under a purposefully stratified range of management systems and under-long term variations of environmental factors so that the out-scaling of results may have a broader inductive basis.
Small Ruminant Production Systems In South And Southeast Asia
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Author : International Development Research Centre (Canada)
language : en
Publisher: IDRC (International Development Research Centre)
Release Date : 1987
Small Ruminant Production Systems In South And Southeast Asia written by International Development Research Centre (Canada) and has been published by IDRC (International Development Research Centre) this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1987 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Results of a meeting held in Bogor, Indonesia,6-10 October 1986, that focused specifically on the assessment of smallruminant production systems in North and Southeast Asia and considered theprevailing circumstances, the innovations, and the strategies that arepertinent for stimulating increased productivity from goats and sheep. Thepresent patterns of production were examined in detail:characteristics of the small farms, existing management methods, and natureand components of the production systems(extensivesystems, systems combining arable cropping, and systems integrated with treecropping). The discussion of the systems were further highlighted by countrycase studies, issues and policies that considered the available productionresources, especially the genetic and feed resources, constraintsto production, and potential means to achieve desirable improvements. Ansession was devoted to examining research methodology, strategiesfor development appropriate to individual systems, and a conceptual frameworkfor on-farm economic analysis.
Increasing Small Ruminant Productivity In Semi Arid Areas
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Author : E.F. Thomson
language : en
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Release Date : 2012-12-06
Increasing Small Ruminant Productivity In Semi Arid Areas written by E.F. Thomson and has been published by Springer Science & Business Media this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2012-12-06 with Medical categories.
Proceedings of a workshop held at the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, Aleppo, Syria, November 30 to December 3, 1987
Sustainability Of Small Ruminant Production Systems In Tunisia A Health Marketing Approach
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Author :
language : fr
Publisher: ILRI (aka ILCA and ILRAD)
Release Date :
Sustainability Of Small Ruminant Production Systems In Tunisia A Health Marketing Approach written by and has been published by ILRI (aka ILCA and ILRAD) this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on with categories.
Small Ruminants In The Smallholder Production System In Southern Benin Prospects For Conservation Through Community Based Management
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Author : G. L. Hippolyte Dossa
language : en
Publisher: Cuvillier Verlag
Release Date : 2007-08-24
Small Ruminants In The Smallholder Production System In Southern Benin Prospects For Conservation Through Community Based Management written by G. L. Hippolyte Dossa and has been published by Cuvillier Verlag this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2007-08-24 with Science categories.
The main objective of this study was to develop a framework for community-based management (CBM) actions aiming to better utilize and to conserve the local small ruminants genetic resources in southern Benin. Hence, the study was designed in such a way as to: i) understand the livelihood contribution of each species of small ruminant to smallholders and identify a priority species (sheep or goats) for CBM activities, ii) collect and collate existing information on phenotypes and conduct surveys to map the phenotype structure of local populations of the targeted species, iii) record and understand farmers’ traditional breeding strategies and practices and iv) analyse the opportunities and constraints for CBM. In the study area in southern Benin, the majority (78%) of rural households were keeping small ruminants. This confirms the important role of goats and sheep in the livelihood strategies of rural families. The ownership of goats was higher (91%) than sheep (35%) because goats are not affected by any ethnic or cultural restrictions. Goats are also perceived to be a less risky to invest into compared to sheep. Women represented 71% of the keepers of goats. Owners of small ruminants are less likely to be involved in off-farm activities and would often have no access to credit facilities. These findings highlight the financing and insurance roles that small ruminants particularly goats, are playing in the study area. These results of the phenotypic characterization provided supporting evidence for spatial variation in population of goats in Benin. Four populations of goat were characterized as distinct and may be referred to as ecotypes. The significant morphological variability recorded infers a considerable genetic variability that needs to be maintained for further genetic improvement and to respond to changes in climate, disease and market conditions. Two rural communities were selected for in-depth studies. The results showed that goats are mainly kept for sale whenever cash is needed. Traits related to reproduction, to behavior, to health and to meat production were considered equally important and were ranked very high by goat keepers. Increased net income per flock through increased number of marketable animals was the derived breeding objective from the trait analysis. Poor management practices (poor disease control, poor housing and nutrition, uncontrolled mating) were identified as keys obstacles to improved smallholder’s goat production. Farmers were found more focused on immediate short-term benefits. Therefore, it was concluded that the overriding priority towards improvement was to develop initiatives to address the management constraints, and that the most effective way to achieve this is to bring farmers together in a participatory action planning process. Additional information on the communities and on their sources of livelihoods were collected through participatory village resource mapping and wealth ranking exercises, transect walks and focus group discussions and used to plan with the communities for community-led strategies towards better management and conservation of the local goat genetic resources. In general, the results of the CBM process outlined in this thesis have shown that because of the important role that play goats in their welfare and because they were offered the relevant information and technical support, people in the targeted communities organized themselves effectively and took appropriate actions to better manage and conserve the local goat resources. Given some time for consolidation and continual institutional and technical support, these newly created CBM groups are most likely to become self-reliant, socially and economically viable. The interactive nature of the CBM approach developed in this study allows its rapid adjustment to different local conditions and thus its replication elsewhere.
Improving Goat Production In The Tropics
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Author : C. P. Peacock
language : en
Publisher: Oxfam
Release Date : 1996
Improving Goat Production In The Tropics written by C. P. Peacock and has been published by Oxfam this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 1996 with Technology & Engineering categories.
Written for both livestock specialists and for development workers who have not been formally trained in animal production, this book explains the theory of goat-keeping using practical, step-by-step guidelines. It also takes into account the social, economic and organizational context in which the technology has to function.
Rabbit Goat Sheep Poultry Fish And Pig Farming With Feed Technology
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Author : NIIR Board of Consultants & Engineers
language : en
Publisher: ASIA PACIFIC BUSINESS PRESS Inc.
Release Date : 2004-01-01
Rabbit Goat Sheep Poultry Fish And Pig Farming With Feed Technology written by NIIR Board of Consultants & Engineers and has been published by ASIA PACIFIC BUSINESS PRESS Inc. this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2004-01-01 with Animal industry categories.
Livestock and poultry in Indian tropical and subtropics play a critical role in agricultural economy by providing milk, wool, meat, eggs and draft power and provide flexible reserves during period of economic stress and buffer against crop failure. Rabbits are raised up off the ground and are one of the cleanest animals produced as meat and hence do not even need to be wormed. Rabbits are among the most productive of domestic livestock, making them efficient sources of food for an ever increasing population with diminishing resources. Up to 98.7% of the rabbits can be used for meat, fur, in laboratories, as fertilizers, in toys and novelties. The large demand for animal wool seems to be assured. Sheep rearing is the major source of livelihood to small and marginal farmers and landless laborers in hilly areas, arid and semi-arid region of India. Goat is a multi functional animal and plays a significant role in the economy and nutrition of landless, small and marginal farmers in the country. It creates employment to the rural poor besides effectively utilizing unpaid family labor. There is ample scope for establishing cottage industries based on goat meat and milk products and value addition to skin and fiber. Fish is a good source of animal proteins; Man has realized its importance from the very inception of the evolution of the human race. It has been the sole diet for many island nations before the evolution of farming techniques. Poultry is one of the fastest growing segments of the agricultural sector in India today. The production of agricultural crops has been rising at a rate of 1.5 to 2 % per annum that of eggs and broilers has been rising at a rate of 8 to 10 % per annum. From a backyard hobby it has culminated into an industry. Among the various livestock species, piggery is most potential source of meat production and more efficient feed converters after the broiler. Apart from providing meat, it is also a source of bristles and manure. Pig farming will provide employment opportunities to seasonally employed rural farmers and supplementary income to improve their living standards. The contribution of pork products in terms of value works out to 0.80% of total livestock products and 4.32% of the meat and meat products. This book basically deals with rabbit keeping, feeding systems, feed requirements and balanced rations, angora wool utilization in cottage industries, useful information for goat breeding measures of increasing potential of range land nutrients requirements of goats, conversion efficiency of indigenous breeds of goats, sources and functions of the nutrients in sheep, breeds of poultry, inheritance of plumage in turkeys, commercial poultry farming, nutrition of broiler type chickens, how to economise on poultry feed cost, principles of fish culture, culturable fish and shellfish, nutritional requirement and artificial shrimp feed preparation, types of antibiotics for pigs etc. This book provides detailed information on the livestock and poultry farming and rearing technique with described process of feeding systems, feed requirements and balanced rations, harvesting commercial products from them. This book is an invaluable resource for the entrepreneurs, institutions and professionals.
Sustainability In Ruminant Livestock
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Author : Pramod Kumar Rout
language : en
Publisher: Springer Nature
Release Date : 2021-01-20
Sustainability In Ruminant Livestock written by Pramod Kumar Rout and has been published by Springer Nature this book supported file pdf, txt, epub, kindle and other format this book has been release on 2021-01-20 with Science categories.
This book presents a concept for implementing a mass balance approach toward developing an effective eco-friendly, livestock farming system independent of external energy input. In this context it describes a modern, integrated farming system, and includes comprehensive technical information explaining the design and evaluation of manure management systems, and modeling and operational tools. It first discusses the mass balance operating process, highlighting the difference between imported and exported mass across the farm boundary. Estimating mass balance can provide critical information for (comprehensive) nutrient management planning and for managing the movement of nutrients and manure. It then explains the estimation of whole-farm P mass balance using a suitable model system. The subsequent chapters provide updated information on management aspects of livestock-farming and generation of multiple job opportunities, and also explore various aspects of livestock farming operational protocols like housing and management; nurture of rams, ewes and lambs, new born calves and heifers; care of buck, doe and kid- nutrition flushing; concept zero grazing-systems; disease control and management; integrated goat farming; and crop-livestock integration. Further, the book addresses crop-livestock integration; energy autonomy in cattle farming; value added biopharmaceuticals from cattle farming; CAPEX for cattle farming; concepts of cattle farming; detrimental effects of the industry; topographic and edaphic factors, and thermal stress on livestock growth and development; socioeconomic development; and water requirements for livestock. The book concludes with the most important issue in the field of agriculture and veterinary science: “Livestock Farming with Care,” describing sustainable, eco-friendly livestock farming by highlighting issues like animal feed vs. human food; agricultural GDP vs livestock, and factors affecting the sustainability of livestock farming. Given its scope, this book is a valuable resource for researchers and students alike, and will also appeal to practitioners in the field of livestock.